Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Healthcare

The population of United States of the States is quite several(a) as on that berth is substantial numbers of Afri kitty-the Statesn, Hispanic, indigen Ameri loafer or Asian/ Pacific Islander living here. The numbers of non fairneds is enormously increase in the country. In 1900, i in eight American was non discolour but at puzzle one in four is non lily-white and it is estimated that by the family 2070, each one of two American result be non white. (US Census Bureau 2005) This changing composition of population is qualification differences in various sectors but the estate is facing an authoritative contend with paying attention to the biasness in wellness administer.The over completely health oversee of the country is impressively amelio respect but this improvement is not cosmos equ exclusivelyy sh atomic number 18d by all the racial and ethnical groups of nation. Non white population is getting diverging and low take aim medical treatment and interest as com p atomic number 18d with the white wad and this difference has created health c argon disparities among the minorities. at that place are several ca habituates goat these growing health bursting charge disparities among the minorities and several st set upgies deplete as well as been dealing in piece to cope up with this worry.This paper is proposing to conduct a numerical investigate in order to richlylight the root ca practice sessions of health care disparities, st reckongies to castigate this problem and the attitude and role of the nation towards these disparities. The paper plys the background instruction, statistic knowledge, need, purposes, substance and methodology of research. display Disparity is the circumstance or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree and health care disparity refers to failing fact when uncomplainings apprehend unequal medical treatment and care.When the medical care and treatment become unequal on racial and ethni c grounds, it gives hike to minorities healthcare disparities. Many researches shit proved that in United States of America, quite a little belonging to divergent races are not getting equal healthcare and the healthcare disparities among the minorities is extensively increasing. The graphic symbol of medical care and treatment is incompatible for minorities There are some basic factors responsible for this disparity give care differences in socioeconomic level i. e.income and education, row barriers, differences in health behaviors of consumers, omit of diversity in the health care workforce, lack of multi-cultural knowledge and real(a) distinction and stereotyping by health care providers (American Hospital Association). The end rate of African, S revealh Asian, Hispania American due to gruelling diseases is considerably higher(prenominal) thusly that of white Americans. In order to avoid these disparities au sotic researches are call for that can high spot the p roblem areas and then design the strategies for improving the healthcare situation of minorities.A research hear is proposed in order to find appear the role of healthcare provider in promoting these healthcare disparities. The research ordaining sharpen on the behaviors of nation especially the healthcare providers and their practice signifier in order to point come out of the closet their contribution towards amplifying these disparities. It impart be a qualitative research a vignette of major healthcare units where the health care providers (doctors and medical staff) and the patients (both White and Non-Whites) bequeath be questioned to the highest degree the issue.The research ordain heighten on the points that how the state are responding towards the strategies designed for reducing the healthcare disparities among the nonage population, how much the working pattern of healthcare provider has variegated for minorities, how the white stack are changing their att itude for non whites and bear the victims (minority population) are feeling any difference in their treatment and care or not. The information leave be access to get the line findings which lead be use in order to develop early strategies for preventing and minimizing the minorities healthcare disparities.The research give make an base, background instruction, Statistical Data, decision of the aspect, Analysis and results, backchat, proposed strategies and conclusion. The problems instruction or hypo thesis for the research go out be Is our nation doing adequate to reduce racial and ethnic disparity in healthcare? accent Information There is gravid rise in healthcare discrimination for minorities in United States. Despite the improved study healthcare situation, the minority population is facing to a greater extent than problems regarding their health.Following is the background information somewhat(predicate) the health condition of African Americans, Hispanic s, South Indian and Native Americans, and islanders. The infant mortality rate is going down in America but the African American unbosom engender a high infant mortality rate which is closely double than the white Americans. burden disease death grade are to a greater extent than 40 share higher for African Americans than for whites. The death rate for all crabby persons is 30 share higher for African Americans than for whites for prostate crab louse, it is more than double that for whites.African American women hold in a higher death rate from breast cancer patronage having a mammography screening rate that is nearly the aforesaid(prenominal) as the rate for white women. The death rate from HIV/AIDS for African Americans is more than seven propagation that for whites the rate of homicide is six times that for whites. During 2001-2004, 68% of all women cut withed with AIDS were African American among men, just nether half(prenominal) (44%) of the unfermented cases o f HIV and AIDS were in African Americans. Lupus is three times more common in African American women than in white women.African American women tend to develop symptoms at an earlier age than some early(a)(a) women, and have more severe organ problems, especially with their kidneys. (wellness nation 2010) The Hispanic population is a similar facing low level medical care which has resulted in their poor health conditions. Among the sensitive cases of tuberculosis registered in America during 1996, almost 20% were Hispanic. The number of Hispanic Americans transcending from diabetes is almost double then the non Hispanics.They alike have high blood pressure and obesity rate as likend with non Hispanics. Only 18% of Hispanics with high blood pressure have this condition under control, compared with 30% of whites. Type 2 diabetes is being diagnosed more often in Hispanic children and adolescents than in the ultimo. Only 42% of Hispanics corned 65 years or older receive a pn eumonia or annual flu shot, compared with 63% of whites. Only 28% receive the pneumonia shot, compared with 61% of whites.Hispanics have the second highest rate of HIV/AIDS diagnoses and account for 18% of all HIV/AIDS cases. In 2004, non-Hispanic black persons were slight probably than non-Hispanic white persons to have received a flu shot during the past 12 months (Non-Hispanic black 32. 9% Non-Hispanic white 50. 9%), and were to a fault less probable to have ever received a pneumococcal vaccination (Non-Hispanic black 38. 6% Non-Hispanic white 60. 9%). (CDC, 2007) The American Indians and Alaska natives are overly the minority nations having bad health conditions.The diabetes and infant mortality rate is almost double among them as compared with the white Americans. The Pima of Arizona have one of the highest judge of diabetes in the world. American Indians and Alaska Natives in addition have disproportionately high death rates from unintentional injuries and suicide. (CD C) The health condition of Asians and Pacific Islanders is considered as one of the healthiest population groups in the United States but there are still info that proves that this population is as well as facing healthcare diversities.For example the women of Vietnamese origin pay from cervical cancer at nearly 5 times the rate for white women. New cases of hepatitis and tuberculosis also are higher in Asians and Pacific Islanders living in the United States than in whites. Pacific Islanders are more than twice as plausibly as whites to receive a diagnosis of diabetes. Although the estimated HIV/AIDS rate among Pacific Islanders is the lowest in the United States compared with all other racial and ethnic groups, the rate increased an average of 9% each year during 20012004. (Healthy People 2010) There are many diseases which are very common among the minorities and create high death rates among them. These diseases include Infant Mortality, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, Mental Pro blems, Cancer, warmth Diseases, Diabetes, Immunizations and HIV AIDS. These diseases are effecting the health situation of minorities at large for example, the African-American, American Indian, and Puerto Rican infants have higher death rates than white infants. In 2000, the black-to-white symmetry in infant mortality was 2. 5 (up from 2. 4 in 1998).African-American women are more than twice as likely to die of cervical cancer as are white women and are more likely to die of breast cancer than are women of any other racial or ethnic group. In 2000, rates of death from diseases of the heart were 29 percentage higher among African-American adults than among white adults, and death rates from stroke were 40 percent higher. In 2000, American Indians and Alaska Natives were 2. 6 times more likely to have diagnosed diabetes compared with non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans were 2. 0 times more likely, and Hispanics were 1.9 times more likely. African Americans and Hispanics account ed for 66 percent of adult AIDS cases and 82 percent of pediatric AIDS cases reported in the first half of that year (NCHS 2002) whereas In 2001, Hispanics and African Americans aged 65 and older were less likely than Non-Hispanic whites to report having received influenza and pneumococcal vaccines (MMWR, 2002) The mental problems of the minorities are also an important point of concern as American Indians and Alaska Natives appear to suffer disproportionately from depression and substance abuse.Minorities have less access to, and set outability of, mental health serve. Minorities are less likely to receive postulate mental health services. Minorities in treatment often receive a poorer character reference of mental health care. Minorities are underrepresented in mental health research. (Mental Health Report 1999) In 2002, 50 percent of those infected with Hepatitis B was Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Black teenagers and young adults become infected with Hepatitis B t hree to four times more often than those who are white.One fresh study has found that black populate have a higher incidence of Hepatitis C transmittance than white multitude. (Department of Health and Human Services) Of all the TB cases reported from 1991-2001, almost 80 percent were in racial and ethnic minorities. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders accounted for 22 percent of those cases, even though they made up less than four percent of the U. S. population. (NCHSTP Division of TB Elimination) Medical Care and Treatment of MinoritiesThe poor health condition of the minorities is caused by unequal medical treatment and care. The minority muckle are in great need for better medical facilities because they are suffering from severe diseases at higher rates but there is not halal access of minorities to the healthcare facilities. Some factors are responsible for this issue like lack of health insurance, an inadequate number of health care facilities, patient dumping, diffi culty in obtaining prescription drugs and an insufficient number of African-American doctors. (Cara A. Fauci, 1996) There is lack of medical facilities availability to the minority population for example, the African Americans are 13 percent less likely to undergo coronary angioplasty and terce less likely to undergo bypass surgery than are whites, Among preschool children hospitalized for asthma, besides 7 percent of black and 2 percent of Hispanic children, compared with 21 percent of white children, are prescribed routine medications to prevent in store(predicate) asthma- colligate hospitalizations.The length of time between an abnormal screening mammogram and the follow up diagnostic test to determine whether a woman has breast cancer is more than twice as long in Asian American, black, and Hispanic women as in white women. African Americans with HIV infection are less likely to be on antiretroviral therapy, less likely to receive prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia, and l ess likely to be receiving protease inhibitors than other persons with HIV.An HIV infection data coordinating center, now under development, depart allow researchers to compare contemporary data on HIV care to examine whether disparities in care among groups are being addressed and to identify any impertinent patterns in treatment that arise. Asian American, Hispanic, and African American residents of nursing homes are all far less likely than white residents to have sensational and communication aids, such as glasses and hearing aids. A new study of nursing home care is developing measures of disparities in this care setting and their relationship to quality of care. (AHRQ Fact Sheet 2000) Following is the chart that shows the total number of deaths in America during the year 2001 and the ratio of diametrical minorities death due to different diseases. The Need to Conduct the Study The to a higher place stated information clearly throws the light on the situation of minoritie s health in United States. The current scenario is not very positive and aspirer for the people living in US, belonging to different races and ethnicity. The situation demands the attending of scholars and social scientists to work for its betterment. look for studies are greatly needed in the plain stitch of healthcare disparities of minorities because the results of the researcher impart work for formulating strategies that can reduce the disparities and cast off the situation better. To eliminate the racial and ethnic discrimination in healthcare sectors it is very necessary to have a research support so that there could be a better understanding of healthcare disparities among the government, healthcare providers, insurers, employers, hospital staff, physicians, patients and familiar public.Several researches have been conducted with the aim to minimize the healthcare disparity. These researches worked out for authentic data and strategic plans but despite all that there is no significant improvement in this field. Now a research is much needed to know the impact of previously taken go so that the new plans can be designed. There is a great need to know weather those steps and strategies are working or not. It is required to find out the response of public towards the strategies and steps that have been taken in order to create sensory faculty among people about the healthcare disparities of minorities.The change in the working pattern of healthcare providers and their behaviors towards the minorities is also need to be found out. All these requirements can be action by this proposed study as it is intended to focus upon the nations role in minimizing minorities healthcare disparities. It is also required to measure the differences in the medical treatment given to the people of different races so that a clear picture of the issue could be achieved.The report of the proposed research testament also provide authentic data and flesh out background information of the issue that will aid in formulating policies for the betterment of the sector. The Purpose and accusive of Research The research study is aimed at improving the healthcare conditions of minorities in United States by expanding the information about the minorities healthcare with reference to position diseases like heart problem, cancer, AIDS and infant mortality etc.It will point out the main diseases and their relative medical care conditions for the minority people. This data will help in the formulation of health policy for the minorities also it will throw the light on the main health problems among minorities that could do work them conscious about their health. The study will be directed by the objective of enhancing the understanding of issue at national and governmental level and to underline the negative consequences of the issues so that there could be great cognisance about reducing the disparities.Through the study people will be insisted to change their thinking about the minorities and changing their behaviors. The healthcare providers who discriminates the minority people will be accessed and they were asked to analyze their attitude towards minorities. Their personal compend of their attitude could be helpful in making changes in their way of thinking and as a result there could be betterment in situation for the non white and low income people who are not getting straight-laced medical care from them.The purpose of the study is also to investigate people about their troubles and to point out the major problem areas like language barrier or other so that the monitory population will also get some idea to overcome this discrimination. The survey could be a great opportunity for the minorities to express their thinking and to share their experiences. It will develop a communication link among different people of the society. The precept factors responsible for the disparities among the racial and ethnic groups will also c ome in front of people, as a result of this study.In short the purpose of the study is to get a better understanding of the minorities healthcare disparities and to find out the ways for the reduction of this disparity. It will be a systematic approach and managed perspiration for minimizing the minorities healthcare disparities. Significance of the Research The research will focus on the purpose of eliminating the healthcare disparities among minorities. The study will work to hive up the data related to the issue from all possible sources then its abridgment and interpretation for digging out some points that can help in making situation better.This effort will result in the company of complete authentic background information about the issue that will be helpful for the other scholars intended to work in the field. The data will also provide the students of this field a deep and detailed view of the issue. The systematically gathered data about the health condition and medica l care will facilitate the policy making people and while formulating the health policy for minorities, it will be significant to know their health condition with respect to several diseases and their treatment.The major problems area will be identified easily. The research is proposed to done in quantities method and the data gathered through the survey from different people will provide a picture about the thinking and interpretation of the issue. The social scientists and psychologists can also dig out some solutions from the thinking style of people and they can also work for changing people behaviors and their perception of the issue.Some researches have been done by different organizations that focused on minority healthcare disparities and strategic plan for their reduction. Many of the researches are done under the control of credible organizations. A research was conducted by the Agency for health care Research and Quality AHRQ in the year 2003, under the name of National health care Disparities Report. The National Healthcare Disparities Report is the national comprehensive effort to measure differences in access and use of health care services by various populations.The report includes a broad set of proceeding measures that can serve as baseline views of differences in the use of services. The report presents data on differences in the use of services, access to health care, and impressions of quality for seven clinical conditions, including cancer, diabetes, end-stage renal disease, heart disease, HIV and AIDS, mental health, and respiratory disease as well as data on enatic and child health, nursing home and home health care, and patient safety.It also examines differences in use of services by priority populations. (AHRQ) The 2003 report is also available online at http//www. qualitytools. ahrq. gov/disparitiesreport/2003/download/download_report. aspx. Another research Racism and Health Care in America Legal Responses to racial Disparitie s in the allocation of Kidneys was conducted by Cara A.Fauci in the year 1996 which proposes and analyzes various responses to disparities in kidney allocation on the basis of race including public education, organ donation publicity campaigns, presumed live with to donation fairnesss, the creation of criteria for placement on an United Network for reed organ Sharing kidney allocation waiting list, alteration of kidney allocation guidelines, and litigation under both the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution and backing VI of the Civil Rights of 1964. This report is also available online at http//www. bc. edu/bc_org/avp/law/lwsch/journals/bctwj/21_1/02_TXT.htm Another research is done by AHRQ Strategies for Improving Minority Healthcare Quality. The research is focused at developing scientific information for other agencies and organizations on which to base clinical guidelines, performance measures, and other quality improvement tools. Contractor institutio ns review all relevant scientific literary works on assigned clinical care topics and produce evidence reports and applied science assessments, conduct research on methodologies and the effectiveness of their implementation, and participate in good assistance activities (AHRQ Fact Sheet)The Hypothesis or Problem Statement and psychiatric hospital of Research The research study will focus on the nations awareness about the minorities healthcare disparities and will focus on the attitude and thinking ways of general public and healthcare providers. The problems statement or hypothesis for the research will be Is our nation doing enough to reduce racial and ethnic disparity in healthcare? The problem statement will be expresses in the questionnaire.A survey will be done among the healthcare providers, white Americans and non white Americans in which they will be asked to express their views about the role of nation for reducing the disparities of health care. It will be evaluated w eather there is complete awareness among the people about the issue or not. The strategies designed by different research organizations are successful in changing nations way of thinking or not. The general public also has discrimination with each other and do the white people think it is justify carrying on the discrimination with non whites.Method and Introduction of the Research Study The research study will be quantitative. It will be a survey which is to be conducted among the healthcare providers and general public. Keeping in view the problem statement, a survey questionnaire would be designed. The questionnaire will consists of more then 5 questions which will be aimed at finding out the people opinions and thinking about the issue. Most of the questions will be multiple choices and in some there would be lax field for people to express their views.The main question would be the same the problem statement with sub questions i. e. Is our Nation Doing enough to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Healthcare? a) The behavior of healthcare providers varies for people of different races and ethnicity or not? b) Is there any impact of strategies aforethought(ip) reducing the minorities healthcare disparities? After the making of questionnaire, the universe for the survey would be decided the number of people to be questioned, their geographics, demography, age, sex, profession, race etc.Survey sampling is an important part of research in which it would be decided that what would be the criteria for selecting the people from different groups either they will be picked randomly or any 10th or 20th listed in the telephone directory or other population statistical data catalog. The data garner could be through telephone, through internet and preferably by meeting them personally. The people can be accessed in the hospitals, clinics, offices or homes.After getting the consummate questionnaire filled by the decided number of people, the abutting step woul d be finding out the results. Once the results came out they can be analyze in different ways, with respect to race and ethnicity, with respect to age, with respect to gender or with respect to profession or locality. After analyzing the key findings of the results will be use to presenting result summary of the research. The key finding will help in formulating the strategies for the betterment of situation.there would be a discussion on the finding and proposed strategies as well as the impact of previous strategies. A conclusion would close the research report. Contents of Research Thesis with Proposed References List In the origination there would be an Abstract and Acknowledgement. The theses will be consisting of main chapters including Introduction, Background information and Statistical Data, Research Methodology, Research Findings or Results of the Study, Discussion, Proposed Strategies, Conclusion and Appendix.The Introduction will throw light on the whole theses. It wil l contain basic information about the issue, the need and purpose of research study, its significance, and the outcome. The introduction is an important part of the thesis. It should be compact and comprehensive. In the next function Back ground Information and Statistical Data there would be complete factual information about the situation of healthcare disparities related to minorities. There would be history indicating that the problem is not very new but it has deep roots inside history.After history there will be present picture of the issue the ratio of different racial and ethnic groups in the population of United States and their health condition. The situation of present healthcare of minorities with regard to major diseases and their respective treatment will also be including in the background information. The quality of medical care available for different ethnic and racial groups would be an important point to focus upon. The statistical data will comprise of charts an d tables indicating different diseases among minorities and death rates compared with white people.The thirds subdivision Research Methodology will describe the entire method of conducting research. It will include the problem statement, questionnaire, survey sampling, data gathering tools and methods. It will also inform about demography and geography of the people included in the study, the number of people questioned, the number of questions asked, the method of conducting survey either through telephone, internet, post or personal meetings. After the methodology, the next section will be the Research findings or Results of the Survey.In this section there would be included the statistical data that came out from the survey questionnaires. The opinion of people would be included in percentages with respect to their race, age, geography and profession or income group. The results will clarify the study finding and highlight the public opinion. The next section i. e. Discussion wi ll contain the analysis of the findings of the survey. This is the main part of the theses where the result finding will be use to analyze the current situation and the impact of previously formulated strategies.The discussion will throw the light on the current condition of minority healthcare disparities. The discussion will be followed by the Proposed Strategies where there will be suggestions about the steps that could be taken in order to reduce the disparities in minority healthcare and to create better awareness in nation about the problem. In the Conclusion the whole thesis would be windup. It will be the end of research report which will sum up all the information, data, findings, discussion and proposals made within the theses.