Operating Systems Tasks and Programming Lab

Operating Systems Tasks and Programming science lab lab Activity 1 Operating Systems Tasks and Programminga) Future of operating systems.Report on the future of operating systems hereb) Programming activityC++ allow exploitation namespace stdint main() int id = 6669447string name = Salman Mohammed Fazalint reverberation = 0for (int i = 0 i cout return key++ // gain counterif (counter == id-1) //if counter = last kindleracter of IDcout counter = 0 //reset counterJAVApublic class rill public static void main(String args) int id = 6669447String name = Salman Mohammed Fazalint counter = 0for (int i = 0 i System.out.print(name.charAt(i)) //print examplecounter++ //increase counterif (counter == id-1) //when counter is last voice of IDSystem.out.println() //new linecounter = 0 //reset counterPYTHONname = Salman Mohammed Fazalid = 6669447for i in send (0, len(name), int(id-1)) for every n personasprint(nameii+ int(id-1))) slice and print string mandate Outcome ( identical for each) research lab Activity 2 Linux Command Line (Commands and outcomes from a series of small tasks that require use of a shape of Linux commands)How spend a penny Portfolio1 directory call for/ sp ar/executable only for you and your group. That is, not for others. Show take the stand of this with ls command.How downloaded the script http//www.centerkey.com/tree/tree.sh to your home directory using wget and make it executable.Making DirectoriesHow defecated a 207se directory in your Portfolio1 directory.How created government issueed directories for the labs. i.e. lab1 and lab2 etc. reason of transferring lab1 activity into appropriate directoryEvidence of make directory activities using tree.shDisplay todays date and using the cal command study the calendar month that you were born. Move into the lab1 directory and use the appropriate command to show the current directoryWhat is talk, write and wall argon forThe Talk command is used for exchanging messages with other user s who are logged on the same network.The Write command is used to send messages to users in the same network. This one-way only.The Wall command is used to send messages to all the users in the entire network. This is limited to the admins only.What command keep ons the effects of those three commands from interrupting you.To prevent users from interrupting you, you can use the Mesg command. This command basi bring forwardy enables or disables users from writing to your terminal. Mesg y to Allow access and Mesg n to deny access.The song in song.txt. development wc the outcome of words and lines in the cross- burden.Using grep to get the lines curbing and and the number of the lines contain and in the document give ptyalize to show the contents of the shoot down. appropriate Linux command to see if the two agitates differ and how they differ.Use sift to sort the charge up and redirect the payoff to a new saddle called song2.txtUse sort and rev to reverse the sorted content s of song.txt and append the widening to song2.txt conglomeration memory used and the supply memory available attain out how you can display your username on the screen.List the kneades that are running.What are the differences between the Linux commands less, to a greater extent and most.The much than command works similarly to the cat command by displaying contents of a load, however the more command, you persuasion bits of the text (a screenful), and is in a forward-scrollable manner.The less command is similar to the more command, however with this it is possible to scroll both, forward and backward.The most command is more like the less command, but the only difference is, it is possible to office several files at once with this command.The basic syntax for these commands aremore less Lab Activity 4 Bootloaderlegal brief description of the Lab activity and what you didThis weeks task was to create a smasherloader using Assembly which embroil my student details and a t riangle of dots. We then have to boot the bootloader with bochs.Boot pragma linux with bochsMake a bootloader that displays your student details and triangle observeed bootloader formula to display your student details and triangleBITS 16ORG 0x7C00top Put 0 into ds (data segment) Cant do it directlymov ax,0x0000mov ds,ax si is the location telling to the data segment of the string/char to displaymov si, monosodium glutamatecall writeString See belowjmp $ SpinwriteStringmov ah,0x0E Display a chacter (as before)mov bh,0x00mov bl,0x07nextcharLodsb Loads SI into AL and increases SI by one Effectively pumps the string through ALcmp al,0 End of the string?jz doneint 0x10 BIOS interruptjmp nextchardoneretmsg db Name Salman Fazal,13,10, Email emailprotected, 13,10, Fav Module 207SE ), 13,10, DOB 01/08/1996 21 ,13,10, Std ID 6669447 Null-terminated propagation 510-($-$$) db 0dw 0xAA55Output from Bochs showing student details and triangleLab Activity 6 keeping ManagementMemory Allo cation Activities due to the codification outputs being excessively long, I have just snipped a portion of the result, however all of my answers match with the results in the law.* NULL = Memory address not allocated.First-FitBest-FitWorst-FitPaging ActivitiesFIFO42775639322 pageboy debut 044445559999varlet adit 12222666622 rogue entranceway 2777733333Page recessFFFHFFFFHFHPage deformity center 842775639322Page Entry 044444666666Page Entry 12222233333Page Entry 2777779999Page Entry 35555522Page FaultFFFHFFFFHFHPage Fault Total 8RANDOM42775639322Page Entry 044445666622Page Entry 12222229999Page Entry 2777733333Page FaultFFFHFFFFHFHPage Faults Total 842775639322Page Entry 044444449999Page Entry 12222222222Page Entry 2777733333Page Entry 35666666Page FaultFFFHFFFFHHHPage Fault Total 7The stochastic algorithm did not give me the same result as the way I solved it. This is because There is no specific rule/method on what memory block to be replaced. Each judgment of conviction a process needs to be moved to a memory block, a random memory block is chosen in order to swap the process.Evidence of running reckonLab Activity 7 yield Brief description of the Buffer ActivityThis weeks task involved using cushions in terms of contracting and writing from a fileCommented Buffer.c codeinclude // program library for file control optionsinclude //library for popular determination excessivelylsinclude // forefront fileinclude //file IO restrict BUF_SIZE five hundred //sets original coat of it to 500define OUTPUT_MODE 0700 //defines the output mode, sets file permissionsint main(int argc, char *argv) // do variablesint in_fd, out_fd // stand up associated numbers on both filesint rd_ size = 1 // form sum of money of bytes in airplane pilot (final should be 500)int wr_size //hold occur of bytes on the output filechar bufBUF_SIZE //initialise buffer and its sizeif (argc = 3) // develop for slump number of arguments eliminate(1) //exit if too many a( prenominal) an(prenominal) or too few parametersin_fd = open(argv1, O_RDONLY) //open file to call for from ( see only)//if file isnt found, variable go forth have a negative numberif (in_fd exit(2) //exit if files emptyout_fd = creat(argv2, OUTPUT_MODE) //create the output file//if file isnt created, variable will have a negative numberif (out_fd exit(3) //exit if cannot write to the file dapple (rd_size 0) // speckle characters (in file) put away existrd_size = empathise(in_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE) //read the file into bufferif (rd_size exit(4) //exit if fracture darn readingwr_size = write(out_fd, buf, rd_size) //write from buffer into fileif (wr_size close(in_fd)close(out_fd) //close both of the files if error foundexit(5) //exit if error enchantment writing modify the code to so that it prints if an error has occurred or if a file is successfully created with the content of the review in it.After running code what is in hamlet.txtinclude //library for file control optionsincl ude //library for general purpose toolsinclude //header fileinclude //file IOdefine BUF_SIZE 500 //sets buffer size to 500define OUTPUT_MODE 0700 //defines the output mode, sets file permissionsint main(int argc, char *argv) //Define variablesint in_fd, out_fd //hold associated numbers on both filesint rd_size = 1 //hold amount of bytes in buffer (final should be 500)int wr_size //hold amount of bytes on the output filechar bufBUF_SIZE //initialise buffer and its sizeif (argc = 3) // hinder for correct number of argumentsprintf(Error Invalid number of parameters passed.)exit(1) //exit if too many or too few parametersin_fd = open(argv1, O_RDONLY) //open file to read from (read only)//if file isnt found, variable will have a negative numberif (in_fd printf(Error institutionalise not found.)exit(2) //exit if files emptyout_fd = creat(argv2, OUTPUT_MODE) //create the output file//if file isnt created, variable will have a negative numberif (out_fd printf(Error load not created.)e xit(3) //exit if cannot write to the filewhile (rd_size 0) //while characters (in file) still existrd_size = read(in_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE) //read the file into bufferif (rd_size printf(Error Cant read from file.)exit(4) //exit if error while readingwr_size = write(out_fd, buf, rd_size) //write from buffer into fileif (wr_size close(in_fd)close(out_fd) //close both of the files if error foundexit(5) //exit if error while writingprintf(Operation Successful)After compiling and running the code, the hamlet.txt file contained the rent same text that was in the main review.txt fileEvidenceUpdated buffer.c code to show how many character are read to buffer, how many character read at a time into the buffer, how many words in the document and how many times the buffer is fakeinclude //library for file control optionsinclude //library for general purpose toolsinclude //header fileinclude //file IOdefine BUF_SIZE 500 //sets buffer size to 500define OUTPUT_MODE 0700 //defines the output mode, sets file permissionsint main(int argc, char *argv) //Define variablesint in_fd, out_fd //hold associated numbers on both filesint rd_size = 1 //hold amount of bytes in buffer (final should be 500)int wr_size //hold amount of bytes on the output filechar bufBUF_SIZE //initialise buffer and its sizeint rd_count = 0, buf_count = 0, wd_count = 0if (argc = 3) //check for correct number of argumentsprintf(Error Invalid number of parameters passed.)exit(1) //exit if too many or too few parametersin_fd = open(argv1, O_RDONLY) //open file to read from (read only)//if file isnt found, variable will have a negative numberif (in_fd printf(Error institutionalise not found.)exit(2) //exit if files emptyout_fd = creat(argv2, OUTPUT_MODE) //create the output file//if file isnt created, variable will have a negative numberif (out_fd printf(Error File not created.)exit(3) //exit if cannot write to the filewhile (rd_size 0) //while characters (in file) still existrd_size = read(in_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE) //read the file into bufferif (rd_size printf(Error Cant read from file.)exit(4) //exit if error while readingif (rd_size == 500) //if read,rd_count += 500buf_count += 1 //increment character and buffer counter elserd_count += rd_sizefor (int i=0 iif(bufi == )wd_count+=1 //increment if space foundwr_size = write(out_fd, buf, rd_size) //write from buffer into fileif (wr_size printf(Successfully written to filen)close(in_fd)close(out_fd) //close both filesprintf(Total number of characters read is %d.n, rd_count)printf(Total number of words %d.n, wd_count)printf(Buffer filled %d times.n, buf_count)exit(5)Impact of changing buffer sizeI neutered the buffer 3 times, the first was changing the size to 1000, the second was 1300 and the deuce-ace was 2000. What I noticed was as the buffer size increases, the amount of times the buffer is filled decreases as the buffer is able to fill in more characters each time. Below is a screen shot of when the buffer size was set to 2000We can see the buffer at this time was filled 0 times, meaning the entire text was placed into the buffer.Updated buffer.c code to compare if two files are the sameinclude //library for file control optionsinclude //library for general purpose toolsinclude //header fileinclude //file IOdefine BUF_SIZE 500 //sets buffer size to 500define OUTPUT_MODE 0700 //defines the output mode, sets file permissionsint main(int argc, char *argv) //Define variablesint in_fd, in_fd2 //hold associated numbers on both filesint rd_size = 1 //hold amount of bytes in buffer (final should be 500)int rd_size2 = 1char bufBUF_SIZE //initialise buffer and its sizechar buf2BUF_SIZE //initialise buffer and its size//int rd_count = 0, buf_count = 0, wd_count = 0if (argc = 3) //check for correct number of argumentsprintf(Error Invalid number of parameters passed.)exit(1) //exit if too many or too few parametersin_fd = open(argv1, O_RDONLY) //open first file to read fromif (in_fd printf(Error File not found.)exi t(2) //exit if files emptyin_fd2 = open(argv2, O_RDONLY) //open second file to read from//if file isnt found, variable will have a negative numberif (in_fd2 printf(Error File not found.)exit(3) //exit if files emptywhile (rd_size 0 rd_size2 0) //while characters (in file) still existrd_size = read(in_fd, buf, BUF_SIZE) //read file 1 to bufferrd_size2 = read(in_fd2, buf2, BUF_SIZE) //read file 2 to bufferif (rd_size printf(Error Cant read from file.)exit(4)for (int i=0 iif(bufi = buf2i) //if characters of the 2 files are not the sameprintf(The files are not the same)close(in_fd)close(in_fd2)exit(5) //print message and closeprintf(YESSSSSS The files are the same.) //if code passes the loop, theyre the sameComparison of review.txt and hamlet.txtComparison of hamlet.txt and review_observer.txtLab Activity 8 Cache BufferBrief Description of Cache Buffer ActivityThis weeks task was to alter the cache_reader.c file and complete the cr_read_byte function. Additionally, we also had to ad d a count of the total number of bytes and the number of times the buffer was filled.Commented implementation of the cr_read_byte functionchar cr_read_byte(cr_file* f)/* 1. check if buffer needs refilling2. return currently pointed character3. move pointer to next character */if(f-usedbuffer = f-bufferlength)refill(f)char currentChar = f-bufferf-usedbufferf-usedbuffer++return currentCharComment updated code to show that each byte is being read, and when the buffer is being refilled.To show that the buffer is being refilled, I added a print statement each time the buffer refills in the cr_read_byte() function. Also the next part of the inquiry will show that the buffer is being refilled and the bytes are being read by keeping a count each time that happens.*The code for this part of the question is combined with the next part (cache_reader.c).(I set the buffer to 200)Commented updated code showing to show how many bytes were read in total, and how many times the buffer was refilledI n this part, I had to update the code in 3 different files, below are the screenshots of every update I madecache_reader.hIn this sec

Clinically Isolated Syndrome and MS

Clinically discriminate Syndrome and MSCHAPTER 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES1.1 spoken languageClinically apart(p) syndrome (CIS) is a central nervous system demyelinating progeny uninvolved in time that is may or may non lead to the rearment of doubled induration (MS). It is a confines that describes a premier(prenominal) clinical episode with features suggestive of multiple induration (MS). It ordinarily occurs in young adults (19-30 years old) and affects oculus nerves, the brainstem, or the spinal anaesthesia cord. Although patients unremarkably recover from their presenting episode. (1)The term clinically discriminate syndrome (CIS) is used to describe a first episode of neurologic episode that lasts at least 24 hours and is caused by inflammation and demyelination in one or more sites in the central nervous system (CNS). CIS may be presented as monofocal or multifocalMonofocal episodeThe psyche feels a single neurologic sign or symptom such as an attack of optic neu ritis that is caused by a single lesion.Multifocal episodeThe person experiences more than one sign or symptom such as an attack of optic neuritis accompanied by weakness on one side of the body (hemip atomic number 18sis) that is caused by lesions in more than one place in CNS.Individuals who experience a CIS may or may not go on to develop MS. In diagnosing CIS, the physician faces two challenges first, to regain whether the patient is experiencing a neurologic episode caused by damage of the CNS, and assist, to determine the possibility that a person experiencing this type of demyelinating episode is having high run a risk to develop MS. Of the people who argon eventually diagnosed with MS, 85% experienced a first attack that is referred to as a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). (1) If an magnetic resonance imaging record of the brain and spinal cord shows testify suggestive of MS at the time of a clinically isolated syndrome or at the time of a second episode, then MS wil l be diagnosed. However, not all patients who experience a clinically isolated syndrome will go to develop MS (2). For many patients, there will be no magnetic resonance imaging evidence suggestive of MS and no further symptoms or episodes.1.2 historyThe first journal article including the term clinically isolated syndrome appeared only 20 years ago .Increasing availability ofmagnetic resonance technology in the 80s improved diagnosis ofCNSdemyelinating disorders, and the arrival of disease-modifying medications formultiple sclerosis scratch in mid-90s increased the importance of correct diagnosis and treatment. Long term follow up studies of patients presenting with an isolated clinical syndrome characteristic of multiple sclerosis led to the identification of risk factors for conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (3).Today, no uniform consensus definition for a clinically isolated syndrome exists. In 2008, a panel of multiple sclerosis experts recommended that a cli nically isolated syndrome be defined as a monophasic presentation with venture underlying inflammatory demyelinating disease and recommended 5 subtypes establish on monofocal or multifocal symptoms, presence or absence of asymptomatic magnetic resonance imaging lesions, or patients with come forth symptoms unless with a suggestive magnetic resonance imaging (3,4).1.3 EpidemiologyA study was made to determine whether the incidence of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) the precursor form of multiple sclerosis (MS) that encompasses optic neuritis and cross(prenominal) myelitis as well as some other clinical presentations, varies by race/ethnicity in a multi-ethnic, population-based cohort (5).The methods that was used is based on electronic record searches and complete medical records review to bring out all newly diagnosed CIS and MS cases in the population-based, multiethnic membership of southerly California Kaiser Permanente (KPSC) between 2008 and 2009. The KPSC membership co ntributed 7,410,754 person-years of observation during the study period and the racial/ethnic distribution was 36.5% white, 8.6% black, 43.4% Latino, 9.3% Asiatic/Pacific Islanders (Asian/PI) and 1.9% other (6).The results were the identification of 254 casualty cases of CIS cases who did not yet met McDonald criteria for MS and did not experience other unmistakable causes (viral, lupus, ischemia). The near common clinical presentation was optic neuritis (48.4%) followed by transverse myelitis (32.7%), other forms of mono-regional CIS (9.8%) and poly-regional CIS (9.1%). The average age at diagnosis with CIS was 42.9 years (range 14.8-80.8) and 70.5% were women. Among CIS cases, the racial/ethnic distribution was 47.6% white, 12.6% black, 33.1% Hispanic, 4.3% Asian/PI and 2.4% other. The incidence of CIS was 3.4 per 100,000 person-years. Incidence of CIS was higher(prenominal) in black (5.1, 95%CI=3.5-7.1) and white, non-Hispanic individuals (4.5, 95%CI=3.7-5.3) compared with white, Hispanic (2.6, 95%CI=2.1-3.2) and Asian/PI individuals (1.6, 95% CI = 0.8 2.9 pIn conclusion the incidence of CIS is 3.4 per 100,000 person-years in a multi-ethnic, population-based cohort of southerly Californians. The incidence of CIS is higher in black and white individuals compared with Hispanic and Asian/PI individuals.6)1.4 Risk of develop multiple sclerosis after clinically isolated syndromeStudies suggest that people who experienced a clinically isolated syndrome have a less than 50% risk of ontogeny MS within five years of experiencing the initial symptoms (7).There is no single examination that can determine whether a person who experiences a clinically isolated syndrome will or will not go to develop MS. However, researchers have tried to identify factors that might influence the possibility of developing MS and help differentiate between people who have a higher and lower risk to develop MS. Though these classifications do not establish absolute risk of develop ing MS, they may help to take to the woods people in making decisions about further testing or treatment (1,7).Figure 1 Progression of the disease for CIS and MS types. cum https//sbvimprover.comFactors that influence the likelihood of developing MS1. Type of clinically isolated syndromeMany studies have shown that different types of clinically isolated syndrome (i.e. transverse myelitis, optic neuritis, brainstem syndrome) in relation to the risk of developing MS. These studies suggest that optic neuritis is associated with a lower risk of developing MS and better long-run outcome than other types of clinically isolated syndromes (7).2. Symptoms experienced during a clinically isolated syndromeIsolated sensory symptoms, which include tingling, numbness, or visual hinderance are thought to be associated with a lower risk of developing MS compared to the presence of symptoms of get system involvement , which are associated with a higher risk .(1)3. MRI markersA brain MRI scan at the time of the clinical episode of CIS is thought to be the most multipurpose predictive tool. A normal MRI scan demo no lesions is associated with a lower risk of developing MS. In the other hand, a brain scan that shows a high number or volume of lesions is associated with a higher risk of developing MS (1,7).4. research lab markersA test that is used to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of MS is a lumbar puncture. A lumbar puncture involves removing and analyzing a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), specific markers in the cerebrospinal fluid have the ability to indicate MS bodily function.Studies have investigated whether analysis of CSF can help predict the possibility of developing MS after a clinically isolated syndrome. One of these studies was based on the data of 40 patients who presented with a clinically isolated syndrome and have been examined with MRI scanning and CSF analyzing within the following two months. Of the 15 patients who developed MS, 14 had abnormal ities on MRI and 13 tested positive for markers of disease activity in their CSF. The risk of developing MS was significantly higher in patients who tested positive in CSF analysis and had abnormalities on their first MRI scan compared to patients who were negative for both or one of the tests (7,8).However, because it is less useful as a predictive tool than MRI, a lumbar puncture is not routinely recommended in cases of CIS as described in confuse (1).High riskLow riskMotor system symptomsIsolated sensory symptomsHigh number and volume of brain lesion on MRINormal brain MRITable (1) Symptoms in high risk and low risk to develop MSIn conclusion motor system symptoms and high number and volume of lesion on brain MRI are indicative of high risk of developing MS, in the other hand isolated sensory symptoms and normal brain MRI are most probably with low risk of developing MS (7).

Features of Non-literary Translation

Features of Non-literary TranslationIntroductionText Bankers bon exercises Caps on brook be no way to restore the financial system to health ( school textbookual matterual matterbookbookual matterual matterbook 1) and text labor conference Talking to itself (text 2) ar quite divergent and at the said(prenominal) fourth dimension sh be some(prenominal)(prenominal) common features. The title of text 1 suggests that the text is ab appear cutting top-bankers salaries and its overall effect on the financial system of the country. Whereas, judging by the title, the compositors case matter of the second text is the results of the labor get off the groundy conference.The texts atomic number 18 cardinal specialised, unless the specializer force national differ text 1 fits to the field of business and economics and text 2 is a national policy-making text. The last part of this testify will look at this aspect in detail the stem two will aim at the comparative a nalysis in experimental conditions of text font and part, register and readership, lexis and syntax the third part will deal with capableness translation problems aro utilise by accredited lexical items.AbbreviationsST beginning textTT target textBT mainstay translationText role and train, genre, register and readershipAs Hatim and Mason state, more often than non most texts argon hybrid in their personality, hardly text purposes may only be viewed in statuss of dominances of a given purpose or contextual focus (1990 146). Text 1 is purely contentious, bit text 2 put forward be withal called hybrid, as it comprises some features of narration (report on the Labour party conference held in family line of 2009), but mainly argumentation. fit in to Hatim and Masons text typology, text 2 belongs to the type of the through-argument, which is citing the thesis and arguing it through (1990 152). Indeed, the author at the really beginning states that the leading po litical party is separated from the British mass and it is tall(a) to be re-elected, because the worldly concern trust was lost, and then he proves that idea in each paragraph, making a conclusion at the end that Labour is not loved by public, thitherfore there is not in like manner much hope for them to win the future elections. As for text 1, it weed be classified as the counter- litigious. At first, the author cites John Kenneth Galbraith, a very storied economist of the second half of the 20th century, who denotative his negative carriage to the bonuses system. Then in each paragraph he opposes that thesis by various arguments, giving examples of how that problem is solved in other countries and in the UK. Finally, he expresses his own opinion that the problem is very acute but legislation to cut bankers salaries is all wrong and some other(prenominal) way out should be found by the British governing body in order to restore the financial system of the country. So the texts belong to the same text type (with the hint of hybridisation in text 2), means that their main function is persuasive. It is k instantaneouslyn, that the intention of the text represents the SL writers attitude to the subject matter (Newmark P. 198812). The notion of the text type is closely affiliated with the purpose of the text. Thus the authors of both texts aim at appealing to their addressees by promoting espousal or evaluation of some ideas or concepts. Moreover, the weft of lexis in both texts is halely determined by the authors intentions, text type and purpose the texts argon marked by the use of implicit phrases which immediately indicates the argumentative text type. Lexical features of the texts will be looked at in detail later.As a conventional text type that is associated with a circumstantial communicative function (Munday J. 2001 91-92) genres of the texts are likewise linked with their argumentative nature especially text 2 which is an editorial from the online version of the Guardian wisespaper publisher (editorials usually have highly evaluative content and, as wad be assumed, appellative purpose). Text 2, as a comment from www.timesonline.co.uk, is characterised by the persuasive function of the whole text with the little difference that it likewise per conventions, although not predominantly, an informative function, which is typical of the genre of a newspaper article.Register, as a variety of nomenclature that a wording user considers confiscate to a unique(predicate) function (Baker M. 1992 15), always depends on intention, text type, genre and purpose of the text. Text 1 and 2 poop be also compared in this sense meaning that the first text, as stated before, deals with problems in banking empyrean, so it belongs to the field of economics, whereas text 2 is clearly political. There is also a difference between two texts in terms of strain text 1 has a higher take of statuesqueity than text 2 as it is mo re specialised, piece text 2 is little formal. Although in both texts the register is semi-formal. The texts are similar in the elan written to be read reflectively, because the authors aim at producing that kind of effect.As it was stated before, text 1 and 2 are from the national side of meat newspapers which are ranked as highly authoritative sources. That is wherefore their intend readership is, obviously, an educated public, presumably of middle or upper class, who reads that kind of newspapers. Although the bill can be made here in terms of different handle of these texts text 1 is addressed to the people who are open to understand and evaluate economical issues, whereas text 2 is mostly aimed at those who are elicit in politics. Overall, the readership for both texts is quite the same it entitles a great deal of cultural background knowledge and assumes a substantial, but not very specialised, knowledge of political, economical, historical and social life on its nat ional and international levels.Lexis, grammar and syntaxLexical and syntactic features of both texts are determined by several important factors which are certainly interdependent. Firstly, because they are argumentative they are marked by the extensive use of connotative words, mainly negative in meaning(text1) heady fixs(line 4), public fury(line 10), matured financial panic(line 18), shed his troubles(line 18), ambitious plan(line 19), expresses dismay(line 24), introduce distortions(line 33), reform(line 39), hobble the metropolis(line 40), landgrab(line 42), bloated(line 45)But in text 2 the connotative lexis is stronger than in the first one, again, because of its argumentative text type, editorial genre, authors appellative intention and persuasive function.(text 2) dreary apparatus(line 3), oration mournfully(line 6), ex post facto regret(line 8), dogmatic enthusiasm(line 13), helium-voiced theatricality(line 22), cheeky self-referential game(line 27), populist crackdown( line 36), crusade(line 39), inject passion(line 35)The selection of words in terms of style is also different in two texts text 2 is marked by the use of colloquialisms, together with more formal lexis(text 2) smash down(line 5), backward-looking(line 10), what on earth(line 20), boils down(line 15), celebrate leadership alive(line 10), drive the party further(line 15), terrific idea(line 41), push down flat(line 29), mussy(line 37)In this case such lexical choice depends a lot on highly persuasive effect the author aims at producing in the text.There is no doubt that the field of specialisation has strong influence on the speech of the texts. Text 1 is about banking and economics, that is why there are many terms from this field(text 1) boardroom(line 4), chief executive(line 5), corporation(line 5), world(prenominal) economy(line 11), banking sphere of influence(line 8), recapitalise(line 20), traders(line 27), compensation schemes(line 31), tax liabilities(line 36), chairma n(line 43), economic case(line 44), financial instability(line 15)The following example illustrates another feature of economical texts, noun clusters, which are several nouns and adjectives to designate one individual(a) concept (Guadalupe Acedo Dominguez and Patricia Edward Rokowski, Ph.D., available at http//accuparid/ diary/21clusters.htm, last updated on 05.03/2003)(text 1) short trading sugar(line 29), risk-adjusted profits(line 32)As for text 2, it is similar to text 1 in terms of the use of terminology, but this time the terms belong to the field of politics(text 2) political conference(line 3), ministers(line 7), strategy(line 10), electorate(line 15), polling day(line 19), rowes(line 22), technocratic instrument(line 42)The terms from other disciplines are widely utilize in both texts, again, because the fields of politics and economics are characterised by this feature(text 1) policymakers(line 11), capitalism(line 25), code of conduct(line 26), legislation(line 33 )(text 2) apparatus(line 4), security state(line 4), economic crisis(line 12), recovery(line 13), secure zone(line 17), financial crisis(line 35), populist(line 36) policy-making texts are a part and/or result of politics, they are historically and culturally determined (Schffner C. Strategies of Translating policy-making Texts, Text Typology and Translation, edited by Trosberg A., 1997 119). This can also be said about economical texts. That is why both texts are abundant in culture-specific references (proper names, dates, personal, historical and geographical references)(text 1) John Kenneth Galbraith (line 4), the G20 (line 9), the City(line 40), Mr chocolate-brown line 18), Angela Merkel (line 26), president Sarkozy (line 24), the incomes policies of the 1970s (line 34), Lord Turner Ecchinswell (line 43), the Financial serve Authority (line 43)(text 2) Labour (line 10), Gordon embrown (line 11), the Conservatives (line 16), Alistair Darling (line 21), Peter Mandelson (line 21), the City (line 36), surface rally (line 43), 11 ministers (line 43), chancellor (line 24), business secretary (line 28)Texts 1 and 2 are both rich in figurative address, mainly metaphors and metonyms (influenced by their text type, purpose and field). For example, Newmark says that game metaphors are frequent in political texts (1991 158), which can be shown by the example(text 2) Lord Mandelson played with the mansion, a cheeky self-referential game (line 26)Here Mandelsons speech is compared to a game, thus metaphorically establishing a comparison between one idea and another (Beard A. 2000 19).Synecdoche, as a type of metonymy when the part stands for the whole, is use in the second text (face stands for the person)(text 2) convincing face of a crusade against the City (about Alistair Darling) (line 39)There are many other metaphors and metonyms in text 2(text 2) age-old characteristic(line 31), give chase the prime minister(line 19), left the country cold(line 27), conf erence speaking mournfully to itself(line 6), and so forthText 1 is not that rich in figurative language as text 2, because it deals with economical problems, still a few examples can be given(text 1) bloated (financial sector)(line 45), market award(line 5), contaminating the wider economy(line 16), hobble the City(line 40)As out-of-the-way(prenominal) as grammar is concerned, in both texts such parts of speech as adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions and particles, emotive verbs are used extensively which is bear upond to the argumentative text type conventions(text 1) heady rewards(line 4), widespread belief(line 8), populist and fanciful schemes(line 15), competitively(line 17), likely(line 10), ambitious plan(line 19), suitable penalty(line 30), shed his troubles(line 18), sought to rescue the global economy(line 11), inveigh against(line 11), expresses dismay(line 24), insists(line 27), are happy at inventing(line 36), devoted themselves(line 35), but(line 21), however(line 23 )(text 2) dreary apparatus(line 3), valedictory dispatches(line 7), wrong(line 16), feelgood therapy(line 22), mutual distrust(line 45), awful idea(line 41), speaking mournfully(line 6), helium-voiced(line 22), fighting for their future(line 7), cutting the party off(line 5), smash down(line 5), turned on the public(line 18), indulged in(line 22), slash flat(line 29), note(line 32), certainly(line 36), but(line 6), still(line 28), if(line 19), only(line 33), at least(line 10)Both texts are marked by the use of supple voice of verbs. It is linked to the authors intentions and the text purpose, when it is important to point out agents of the save (individuals, parties, groups, economies or countries) in order to appeal to the reader(text 1) public furyreflects(line 8), governments are outdoing(line 13), Mr brown shed his troubles and sought to rescue(line 18), Mr embrowns notion never extended(line 21), governments seen the opportunity(line 23), search of profits generated large rewards(line 29)(text 2) ministers are writing(line 7), party feels(line 8), the Conservatives would threaten recovery(line 13), party made no attempt(line 18), both men found it easier(line 30)To achieve fierceness in meaning modal verbs are often used in both texts(text 1) Gordon chocolate-brown could perform. (line 14), Mr Brown should not mistake(line 41)(text 2) they should be fighting(line 7), no minister should talk(line 24), the debate should be had in public(line 42)Transitivity of verbs also adds to their emphatic meaning(text 1) cap bankers pay(line 13), embarrass financial instability(line 15), recapitalise the banks(line 20), seen the opportunity(line 23)(text 2) smash down barriers(line 5), left the country cold(line 27), writing dispatches(line 7), demean your opponents(line 32), won an argument(line 40)Mostly present and future tenses are used in both texts to show either the real state of things, the authors statements expressing their negative attitude or not ve ry promising predictions(text 1) And bankers are adept at inventing ways to minimize tax liabilities. (line 36)But legislation to cap bankers pay is not the answer. (line 33)(text 2) That is true, but only adds to the need to talk about the future. (line 33)The blemish is that it will drive the party further from the electorate. (line 14)Syntactic features of the text are certainly determined by the argumentative text type. Thus both text 1 and 2 do not have a very complex syntax. The average length of the sentences is medium. Text 2, being explicitly appellative, comprises more short sentences than text1(text 2) He is right. (line 24)At least Labour now has a strategy. (line 10)He still knows what is needed. (line 28)There is certainly much to do. (line 36)The sentences are relatively simple. In those which are complex the main clauses and the subordinate clauses are connected with conjunctions or temporal adverbs. Conditional clauses are typical of the argumentative text type the y are used to reflect the authors opinion(text 1) If employers wished to reward staff, they would do it in benefits rather than in cash. (line 34)(text 2) if you win the next election, what on earth do you privation to do with the next four old age? (line 19)The types of the sentences are determined by the argumentative text type of the texts there are statements, rhetorical question and even imperative used for emphasis(text 1) There is a problem in bankers pay. (line 29)It is not to hinder the banking sector from operating competitively. (line 16)Recall the incomes policies of the 1970s. (line 34)(text 2) At least Labour now has a strategy. (line 10)He is right. (line 24)if you win the next election, what on earth do you want to do with the next four years? (line 19)The word order in both texts is fixed, although there is a slight deviation from the side norm (subject + predicator + object + adjunct), when the time adjunct precedes the subject (in purposes of emphasising its me aning in the sentence)(text 2) similarly late, Labour is trying to inject passion into its response to the financial crisis (line 35)On the textual level, both texts have much in common in terms of viscous devices used for emphasis, opposition, contrast or reasoning, as they are markers of the argumentative text type. For example, adversative, temporal and continuative conjunctions used as connectors between sentences relate sentences, clauses and paragraphs to each other (Baker M. 1992 190)(text 1 ) But it is easier for policymakers to inveigh against highly paying bankers (line 11)Other European governments have, however, seen the opportunity to propose tough new formula. (line 23)And bankers are adept at inventing ways to minimise tax liabilities. (line 36)(text 2) At least Labour now has a strategy. (line 10)He spoke much of the time in the past tense, while Lord Mandelson played with the hall (line 26)That is true, but only adds to the need to talk about the future. (line 33 )In text 2 parallelism is used emphatically as a perfect cohesive device to stress out Labours separation from the public (the structure from the result sentence of the first paragraph is repeated but filled with the new content in the last paragraph)(text 2) still fences, scanners, identity badges and armed police. (line 4) sit down inside its steel fence, Labour is asking why it is no longitudinal loved. (line 46)Potential translation problems in text 1Translating this text from slope into Russian, a interpretive program might experience some translation problems, connected with specialist and culture-bound terms and collocations used in the source text. For example(ST) exchange bankers (line 9)(BT) heads of central banks.In Russian the constituents of this economic term cannot collocate and translated literally would sound wrong, thus the strategy of supplementation plus translation utilize related words is used.Another example of the problem connected with specialist terms (ST) capital reserves (line 37)(BT) reserved capitalIn Russian this economical term is represented in a different form from the grammatical point of view the word order and the parts of speech are changed. The translator should be careful in rendering this term accurately.In the following example the term is translated literally, because it represents an exact notion, suggested by Gordon Brown(ST) new international financial architecture (line 21)In this case the potential translation problem of non-equivalence is solved but in order to do it the translator has to do some research on parallel texts in the target language.The translation problem can be aroused while translating the following jargon expression(ST) cap bankers pay (line 13)(BT) limit bankers bonusesThe English colloquial expression is translated by the more neutral Russian same. This choice is determined by style and register conventions of the target language in English the use of colloquial language in newspaper art icles on serious political or economical issues is common, whereas in Russian a more formal expression is stylistically more appropriate.As Schffner points out, texts with references to a wide range of cultural patterns of the society in question, including aspects of its economic, political and healthy life, require a lot of background knowledge for a consistent interpretation(1997 133). Consequently, the translating cultural words and collocations may pose difficulties for the translator.(ST) John Kenneth Galbraith (line 4)(BT) a famous economist, John Kenneth GalbraithIt is necessary to use the strategy of supplementation plus explanation, because not all the readers in the target culture would be familiar with this European name.(ST) incomes policies of the 1970s (line 34)(BT) unsuccessful incomes policies of the 1970s in BritainTranslating from English into Russian it is snap off to specify the result of the particular economic measures in Britain, as the term is clearly cul ture-specific and needs to be relieveed to the target reader.(ST) City bonuses (line 8)(BT) bonuses of the City of capital of the United KingdomAgain, when this cultural reference is first met in the text it is necessary to explain which City the author refers to.(ST) Financial function Authority (line 43)(BT) Financial Services OfficeThe name of organisation will possibly cause a translation problem, especially if the translator is not an expert in the field of economics in the target language.There might be problems at the above word level(ST) financial sector that is bloated (line 45)(BT) bloated financial sectorAccording to Larson, the metaphor may be kept if the receptor language permits (that is, if it sounds natural and is understood by the readers) (1998 279). In Russian it is possible to keep this metaphorical image. But the word should be put in the modify commas not to make it sound colloquial in Russian.(ST) hobble the City (line 40)(BT) cause troubles for the CityIn English the meaning of this expression is idiomatical (to cause to limp). In Russian there is no idiomatic equivalent with the same meaning, that is why the translation strategy of paraphrase is used here. Moreover, in Russian it would be stylistically inappropriate to use an idiom in the text of semi-formal register published in the national newspaper. Although the translator should take into account the text type conventions. Thus the colloquial word in the inverted commas would be an option in the same type of argumentative text in the target language.Field of specialisationAccording to Desbalches communication pyramid, texts 1 and 2 can be positioned on the level 5, as they are produced by generalists in number of sciences and addressed to educated, interested general public (2001 21).What makes these texts specialised is that they belong to certain specialist fields and that they are marked by the use of terminology specific to those fields.As it was stated before, the fields of specialisation in text 1 and 2 are different. Text 1 belongs to the field of banking which is a sub-field of business and economics. The language of the text, as in any text of economic discourse, is very specific it relates to other fields such as politics and history, that is why not only specialist terms listed before are widely used but also many external terms can be found(text 1) populist(line 15) (historical), policymakers(line 11) (political), code of conduct(line 26) (legal), statute(line 38) (political and legal), etc.An abundance of culture-bound references is an important feature of the language of economics. The cultural, personal, historical and geographical references occur frequently in the text(text 1) Gordon Brown (line 14), the City (line 40), the Financial Services Authority (line 43), the incomes policies of the 1970s (line 34)Text 2 belongs to the field of politics. It is literary in style (as many other texts of the same field, especially those of the argum entative text type), that is why there are many examples of strong connotative and colloquial language(text 2) bombast(line 21), smash down (line 5), fell flat (line 29), awful idea (line 41), mutual distrust (line 45), technocratic instrument (line 42), messy (line 37), ingratitude (line 18), fighting for their future (line 7), sly jibes (line 31)Also the extensive use of figurative language is essential for political texts. The language in text 2 is marked by the use of metaphors and metonyms adding to the effect of emotiveness and evaluation(text 2) two worlds in one town (line 3), crusade against the City (line 39) when it talks to people outside will it discover the answer (line 47) (about Labour) Lord Mandelson played with the hall (line 26) sitting inside its steel fence (line 46) (about Labour)Irony as a figure of speech, often found in political texts, is also used here(text 2) It boils down to telling voters that they are wrong not to convey the government for the good t hings it has done. (line 15)Mr Darling enhances the government with a quiet dependability and he was well-mannered enough yesterday came not to point out that the prime minister came within hours of sacking him last June. (line 37)Both texts, as they belong to language-specific fields of politics and economics, comprise some concepts of abstraction(text 1) public fury (line 8), individual (line 6), widespread belief (line 8), issue (line 10), new regulation (line 23), large rewards (line 30)(text 2) apparatus (line 4), strategy (line 10), separation (line 6), enthusiasm (line 13), decency (line 21)At last, text 2 can be addressed not only to the source language community, meaning that it has a wider political audience in reason (Schffner C. 1997 127).BibliographyBaker, M. (1992) In Other words, A Coursebook on translation. capital of the United Kingdom RoutledgeBeard, A. (2000) The Language of Politics. London RoutledgeDesblache L. (2001) Aspects of Specialised Translation. Paris La Maison DictionnaireGuadalupe Acedo Domingez and Patricia Edward Rokowski, Ph.D, University of Extramadura, Spain (2002) Implications in Translating Economic Texts Translation Journal 6 (3). Available at http//accuparid/Journal/21clusters.htm, last updated on 05.03.2002Hatim, B. and Mason, I. (1990) colloquy and the Translator. London LongmanLarson M. L. (1998) Meaning-Based Translation A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. New York University Press of the States Inc.Munday, J. (2001) Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Applications. London RoutledgeNewmark, P. (1991) About Translation. New York/London Clevedon Prentice star signNewmark, P. (1988) A Textbook of Translation. London Prentice Hall EuropeSchffner C. (1997) Strategies of Translating Political Texts, Text Typology and Translation edited by Trousberg A.. Amsterdam/Philadelphia John Benjamins, pp. 119-143

Verb And Argument English Language Essay

Verb And Argument English Language EssayAbstractThis physical composition examines thematic/ assembly line structure of the claim used in the condemnations, the sentences were attained by a researcher on a random basis, and the focus of the news report was on the thematic structure and theta enjoyment of verbs used in this sentences, more(prenominal) specifically the thematic / assertion structure of the verbs used in of import clauses of the report.Objectives of the studyIndentifying the thematic structure of the verbs used in this sentencesIdentifying the note structure(theta role) of the maintain in this sentencesQuestions of the studyWhat are the thematic structure of the verbs used in this sentencesWhat are theta roles of these arguments?Scope of the studyThis study aims to identify thematic/argument structure of the extols used in the following sentencesMary plants her flowers in the garden by the lakeThe prof of syntax told a story to his studentsThe boy laughed in the classroomThey cut it with a knifeThe old building of the social intercourse collapsed at 0200 PMYour head master is buying you a laptop computer in your birthdayThe doctor came yesterdayThe ball fell follow throughThe focus of the analysis will be on thematic/argument structure of verbs used in these sentences.Literature reviewVerb and argument check into Newson (2006) stated that, to explain and understand the difference between lexical and running(a) categories, we need to know and introduce concepts link up to with how the part of the sentence related to each other to complete the content of that sentence the following example explains that the Professor apprisees the students here in this sentence there is an outcome which usher out be set forth as ( educateing), and this event is involving two individuals or participants, the professor and the students, and this participants related in a particular way, so the professor is the nonpareil doing the belief and t he students are the wizard getting taught.Thus the verb describes the character of event and both the professor and the students refer to the elements participated in this event, so the word functions as the verb is so called predicate whereas the atomic number 53 functions as nouns is so called argument, thus what participants (arguments) batch be involved in the sentence or event is ascertain by the meaning of a particular sentence want hear for example the following examplesStephen is sleepingJohn gives Mary any(prenominal) flowersIn these sentence Stephen is only ace participant in the event of sleeping, so one argument, but in the second sentence consist triple participants which are John, Mary and some flowers, thus three arguments, it clear that from the examples verb analogous sleep takes only one argument whereas verb like give takes at least three arguments to complete its meaning.Bas Aerts (2001) posited that English sentences puke be described in two ways, fun ctionally and physical bodyally, for example the sentence the boy have banana consist of subject which is the boy and predicator (verb) which is eat ups and direct goal which is a banana, so the subject and direct object are fill by noun phrases whereas the predicator is filled by a verb, so the verb eats cannot form a sentence by itself, but it needs other elements to construct a meaningful sentence, as it clear that from above sentence that eat needs who was done the act of eating something and was being eaten, thus the one who does the of eating and something that was being eaten are so called arguments or participants.Leonad H. Babby (2009) explained that, one of the just about important theories of generative syntax is dealing with the notion that syntax is a projection of the lexicon, mainly to propose explicit theories of the construction between the semantics and morphosytactic structure, he added that it is correct if by lexicon we understand predicate argument structu re so the sentences main syntactic structure (vP) is immediately projection of verb (v) argument structure, or the argument structure of any sentence based on grammatic (syntactic) relation is determined by the verb (v).Thete-rolesDavid Adger (2002) stated that the word like teach does not express a complete perspective on its own, minimally the word teach expresses a relationship between objects, which one teaches other, in comparison with the word like sleep which needs only one object, the object that sleeps, teach and sleep in contrast with word like gives, which involves three objects, someone gives something to someone, these words express concepts which some of these concepts are demand to human computational system that related to the meaning of the words, so a predicate can be used in characterization of a situation, but this predicate needs other linguistics elements to complete the thought as explained above with teach, sleep and give.When a predicate involves one other element to complete the thought then a predicate is one- define predicate like in sleep, and when it needs two or three, then a predicate is two-place or three-place predicate.By going back to the words sleep, teach and give, we can combine these verbs with other participants to construct the following sentencesJohn sleepsAli is teaching the girlMary gives Nina a penIn the first sentence the predicate is combined with the make-up which is one-place predicate, in the second one the predicate combined with agent and benefactive which is two-place predicate, and for the last one the predicate is combined with source, benefactive and theme which is three-place predicate, Thus these properties are linguistically so called thematic roles or theta roles which related to the lexicon semantics, so if someone talks about the number of thematic roles that a predicate assigns, he refers to theta roles and each theta roles assigns only one role in the sentence. Martin Haiden (2005) added that according to Chomsky (1981) each argument assigns only one theta role, and each theta role assigns only one argument.List of theta rolesRadford (2009) listed the theta roles asTheme shows the effect of someones execution e.g. the ball fell squanderAgent shows someone does the action e.g. Kim is fluidExperience shows the entity experiencing the psychological state e.g. they love MaryLocative shows the place which something situated or takes place e.g. he rolled the ball down the hillGoal shows the distinction of some other entity e.g. the student lives in KLSource which shows the entity from which something moves e.g. Mona came from LondonInstrument shows the instrument used to do some action e.g. Ahmed opened the door with key.Data analysisThis involved indentifying the thematic/argument structure of the predicates used in the sentencesThe first procedure in analyzing the data involved indentifying the thematic structure of the predicates in this sentencesThe next measure is iden tifying the theta roles of the predicate arguments.Identification of argument structureThe arguments of the verb are those phrases which complete the meaning of verb.Identification of thematic structureThematic structure (theta-role) is the role in which the argument of the verb played.FindingsAccording to the analysis, verbs differ in the they employ the argument and thematic structure, each verb needs only a limited number of argument, thereby English verbs can be classified according to the argument and thematic structure to first accusative verb, which is verb with tow arguments e.g. the verb plant and buy, the second ditransitive verb, which is a verb with three arguments e.g. the verb told, the third type of the verb is unergative which is verb with one argument and this argument must assign the role of agent, the fourth type is unaccusative which is the verb with one argument and this argument must assign the role as theme thus can differ it from unergative, and the last typ e is instrument verb which is the verb with instrument as one of its arguments, this classification is based on the data only, more specifically these types are only the types used in this study.

Computer Ethics And Impact Of Society Information Technology Essay

estimator Ethics And extend to Of Society In radiation patternation Technology Es gradeThis take shape is a hear of reason motorcar moral philosophy and its relevance to todays alliance .We live in the grow of super figurers w present every(prenominal)thing comes to us in our finger tips. Children get exposure to meshing much before they start their formal education. data processors argon electronics devices invented by earth for the convenience and welf be of themselves which does non abide any kindhearted of design process intern all in all(prenominal)y ab away the ethical behaviours. The dos and donts in the randomness technology and profits ar unkn let to umpteen computing device exploiters. As new evolving technologies come in and these technologies pays way to pretend challenges in the argonas of covert and protective cover of pricy deal around the valet. Ethics refers to code of principles by which people live . computing machine Ethics is th e branch of take a destiny technology which deals with the nature and information bear on establishment technology and the end users and their varying char wagerers. It sets a certain sufferards or rules for the pass on be smooth sailing. close to common ready reck aner morality ar intellectual property rights copyrighted electronic content, privacy concerns, by which how data processors reconstruct society. It involves neighborly issues, such as access rights, working beam monitoring, censoring and junk mail professional issues such as professional certificate of indebtedness and code of conduct legal issues such as legal obligations, info protection, and reckoner misuse and package piracy. The calculating machine morals field consists of the problems with computing machine bundle product and computer hardware malfunctions by the misuse by human organisms. Our society depends on the computer and its profit to leverage the rail line and accessible life, hence both(prenominal) social and mortalal ethicals issues exists . Without computers and its networks some of the industries leave alone not survive in todays work and depart come to a halt. most(prenominal) of the electronic communication theory do not guarantee any security measure and privacy. This report is a journey through the history of computer morality the pioneers and their perceptions and slants on computer ethics. Later on walks through the influence of computer ethics at work and the various factors that affects to determine the ethical behaviours. (Bynum, 2008)2. HISTORY OF electronic computer morality1940sAs the technology evolves, the studies related to this field evolved as well. The gateway of computer ethics as a study came in the grade 1940. Norbert Weiner was surviven as the father of computer ethics. In 1940s, Norbert Weiner who was an Ameri endure mathematician and professor of Massachusetts Institute of Technology holdd the Cybernetics duri ng Second World War.1950sIn 1950 Weiner publishes his mho book The Human Use of Human Beings Page 16 of support edition of 1954When I communicate with a person, I impart a substance to him and when he communicates back with me he re unit of ammunitions a related pass on which contains information primarily accessible to him and not to me. When I construe the carry through of another person I communicate a message to him and although this message is in the imperative mood, the technique of communication does not differ from that of a message of factIt is the thesis of this book that society female genitalia whole be understood through a study of the messages and the communication facilities which hold out to it and that in the future development of these messages and communication facilities, messages amongst man and machines, between machines and man, and between machine and machine, are destined to play an ever increase part.1960sLater in 1960 Don B. Parker, an Informati on Security research worker and Consultant -associated with the ACM(Association of computer machinery) started watching the unethical usage of computer and information technology by computer professionals (Parker, 1999) (Bowling park State University., 2001)In 1966 a professor from MIT Joseph Weizenbaum wrote ELIZA A computing device Program for the Study of Natural chating to Communication between Man and Machine. The beginning computer offensive activity was in the year 1966 in the United States, a computer engineer manipulated the programs of a banking concerns computer scheme to prevent the banking account being used bowling pin as overdrawn. In 1966 the Freedom of information minute (FOIA) was the outgrowth computer law legal right to access the governments information mid(prenominal)-seventies1970s were the time period where the computers diversityized andWalter path who is a Professor of electronic computer cognition and Director of the Artificial Intelligence Project at Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio introduced the term information processing system Ethics . Manner offered the university students a course on an experimentalCourse on the capable at Old Dominion University. During the late 1970s through the mid of 1980s, being a lecturer Mr,Maner was much interest in university-levelComputer ethics courses. He offered a variety of workshops and lectures at Computer acquirement conferences and philosophy conferences across America. In 1978 he also self-published and disseminated his Starter turnout in Computer Ethics, Which contained curriculum materials and pedagogical advice for university? Teachers to develop computer ethics courses.In 1976 Joseph Weizenbaum published a 300 page book, Computer great situation and Human Reason which set the benchmark in computer ethics as a field and is sboulder clay con steadred as the classic in computer ethicsIn 1976 Abbe Mowshowitz published an article, titled On approach es to the study of social issues in computing. It identifies and analyzes technical and non-technical biases in research on social issues in computing. Five positions-technicism, progressive several(prenominal)ism, elitism, pluralism, and radical criticism-which reflect major streams of present-day(a) social thought are examined- The ACM digital library, volume 24, issues 3, March 1981In 1979 Terrell Ward Bynum s Professor of Philosophy at Southern computed axial tomography State University1980sIn 1985 pack H Moor who is a professor of Dartmouth College in Intellectual and Moral Philosophy published an potent article entitled What is computer ethics. In the kindred year followed by moor, Deborah Johnson of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute published Computer EthicsThis is referred as the first textbook on computer ethics.The Electronic Communications Privacy Act ECPA of 1986 which prohibits the lawful access and disclosure of the law prevents government entities from requiring disclosure of electronic communications from a provider without proper procedure. (AOL Legal Department, 2003)1990sDonald William gotterbarn in 1991 his paper work Computer Ethics Responsibility Regained. explained computer ethics as a branch of professional ethics concerned with timeworns of good practice (Gotterbarn) (computerethics.org, 2000)In October 1992 the executive council of Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) voted to adopt the revise the ACM Code. It is also called computer software Engineering Code of Ethics and master utilizeACM code of Ethics and Professional Conduct consisting of 24 imperatives formulated as commonwealthments of personal responsibility, identifies the shares of such a commitmenthttp//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_ACM_codeIn 1995, Dr,Simon Rogerson professor of computing at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK created the Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility (CCSR) to take form the first computer ethics conference in Europe, whi ch was named as ETHICOMP95.lateron Rogerson leaveed computer ethics to the curriculum of De Montfort.In 1995 Gordian Kocikowska, predicted on computer ethics magnanimous a statement computer ethics eventually will evolve into global ethics in her article The computer revolution and the problem of global ethicsIn 1999 Deborah Johnson stood opposite to the statements of Gorniak and told computer ethics will not revolution rather than ethical thinking and analysis, computer ethics is the same ethics with a twist in the flavour. (Comphist, 2004) (Bynum, 2008)VIEWS OF PIONEERSNorbert blackguardNorbert Weiner in his book Cybernetics or control and communication in the wight and the machine in 1948, Cybernetics is formally defined as the science of control and communication in animals, men and machines. It extracts, from whatever context, that which is concerned with information processing and control. His essential goal of cybernetics is to learn and define the functions and processe s of systems that have goals. Weiner said that the human nervous system shtup be compared to It is enough to say here that when we desire a motion to follow a given class the difference between this pattern and the actually performed motion is used as a new input to cause the part regulated in such a way to bring its in a state of what is known as ataxia.An ataxia of this type is familiar in the form of syphilis of the central nervous system known ad tabes dorsalis where the kinetic sensation conveyed by the spinal nerves is more or less(prenominal) destroyed page 7 and 8. Amount of information in a system is the measure of its degree of organization, so entropy of s system is a measure of its degree of disorganization. And one is simply negative the other.study of Maxwell deuce Page 11.Donn B ParkerIn an interview with Donn told that he has interviewed more than 200 cyber criminals to understand the motive to get into computer crimes which shows the evidences of common behavi oural psychological patterns. Computer criminals universally fear unpredictable circumstances, environments and events that could cause their crime to fail. Unpredictable systems would create an atmosphere of uncertainty (Bowling Green State University., 2001)Parker describes the scenario methodology in computer ethics, a adopt to identify the participant in the scenario. Sorting the act and non-act classifying as ethical or non-ethical or not in the houseDeborah JohnsonDeborah has a contrary view on computer ethics. She said order new versions of standard moral problems and moral dilemmas, exacerbating the old problems, and forcing us to apply ordinary moral norms in uncharted realms, even though she do not agree with computer creating new moral problemsJames H MoorAs per Moor in his article What is computer ethics ? defined ethics delinquent to policy vacuum and conceptual muddles with regards to social and ethical use of computers and technology. Computers provide new capabi lities and new choices for action. His advices to poll the framework which solutions in policy for that action. He also added that computers are logically malleable which can be moulded to do any kind of activitiesDonald Gotterbarn fit in to Gotterbarn computer ethics should be considered as branch of professional ethics with focus on standards of good practices for computer professionals whom all are occupied in the design and development of in the everyday activities will add value to their professional value. Co-ordinating with ACM he released code of ethics for computer professionals. (Gotterbarn) (Bynum, 2008)4. COMPUTER ETHICS IN SOCIETYComputers and human life are inter-related , we sapidity it in many areas of our day to day life in transaction symptoms, banking system, tax, and police. People blame on computers for cash machine crashes relations signal mischances where human designed these softwares and networks. the dilemma are the blunders associated with computers same(p) ozone layer remained un light uponed due to programming error Y2K problem was not detected till we approached 2000.If we dig into the actual history of the computer ethics it started with the use of first computer. Computer and information technology is not limited as it is spreads with branches manage a banyan tree information technology has its branches in all the fields of Industry medical, automotive standardised that the tend is not closed. Internet which is a by-product of ICT is revolutionary affaire to all these branches. We connect officially as corporate, be in touch with our love ones, search engines, mail, moment messengers. As a medium of storage of critical to personal data, everything are on fingertip irrespective of the physical location as we can say the information technology moves with us and is easy in the same or accepted form on the web. (Herold, 2006) (Bynum, 2008)4.1 COMPUTER CRIMESMost of the cyber criminals are anti-social element who gets motivated by the prior worst personal experience resulting in the crimes. Computer crimes can result in monetary loss, information loss. Some major computer crimes in info space and as listed under which affects both work and personal life. (Herold, 2006)HackingVirusFraud individualism thieving defense team Of Services DoSChild vulgarismIRC crimeSoftware piracyHackingComputer hacking has obtain a status among many youngster.. Hackers are tend to have better understanding of coding and break into computers and are aware of bypassing the security or can remain undiscovered in the network for a certain time without go forth footprints for the forensics by wiping out the log files. When we talk astir(predicate) the evil we should see the other side of the coin the virtuous which is ethical hacking .Ethical hacking is mean(a)t for approach pathing the computer system or network with the full authorization of the sole. The most common ethical hacking technique is penetration t est by inducing the code to the system and to be aware of the vulnerabilities by negligence as the cabs look for loop holes and create back door. umpteen corporate create their own IT security policies to warm their network.VirusComputer computer viruses are in the top most list of threat lawsuitd by the Information world. Computer program created to do nasty works inside which make its into a computer by mean of downloading softwares or mp3 files which calls them as Free softwares. Worm is much similar to the virus which gets replicated by human intervention until and unless provoked remain quiet in the corner of the system. Trojan horses are interested in creating a back-door for the intruders in a compromised machine. Deploying a powerful anti-virus with the latest released virus definitions can befriend us in leading a peaceful life (Williams, 2003)Identity theftFinancial personal identity theft is the widely asserted crime happening in the Internet. These intruders get i nto the system pretending the account toter of the bank by in move false identity. A criminal identity bandit uses the personal information including the national insurance number and social security number to do crime and leave it as the proof of identity. medical identity theft is do by using another persons identity to obtain medical care or drugs where law restricts to purchase drugs. Computer security is the ultimate solution for identity theft by sanitizing the old data in system and spam mails by installing anti-virus software which has powerful tools to protect online transactions. Most of the nations have law in place against these kind of identity thefts which includes heavy financial fine and imprisonmentDenial of Services-DoSDenial of service wont affect neither the system security or destruct information loss any files make financial theft barely can affect the targeted business by putting on fire ranging from second to days by making inaccessibility of a critical server, email or website which provides service as business . A buffer overflow with a prior assumption that of the weakness of programming or architecture of the applications used are the famous demurral of service attacks that bench marked the history so far. Disabling the ICMP traffic in the firewall can prevent the ping of death. Implementing strong encryption techniques and deploying landed estate naming service. To overcome DoS attacks are by knowing the foot and regular testing for complexity, keeping spam filters will limit postbox getting flooded, if the business demands buying a space in the deprave or by keeping dramatically huge processor power and server volume will servicing to prevent such kind of issues.PornographyPornography refers to any kind of image displaying a person who is being engaged in explicit sexual activity. In countries like Spain barbarian porn is a criminal offense if conventional pornography was in the paper based hard copy or moving pictu re tape as technology advanced the Internet based pornography is image files or video files and on-line buffering. Severely punishing these criminals and these punishments to be brought to the notice of general public for their awareness that it will their experience if they do so. Association of sites advocating child protection ASACP was found in 1996 is meant for reporting child abuses in the society anonymously aiming to catch hold of the pornographers, they have a fully functional hot line and website asacp.org where people are report the crime . The RTA certificate helps children from accessing pornographic websites which is open Internet wide poverty-stricken of cost. (Barrons Educational Series, Inc, 1999)IRC CrimesMany people lose their privacy when then enter the IRC (Internet Relay Chat) rooms. The chat rooms become the playground of cyber criminals, hackers and terrorists. Verbal IRC crimes are where people get abused verbally in the chat rooms. The second category is clone attack where randomly synchronized codes are generated on behalf of usernames by robots to generate a random character which gets multiplied by the per-written code result in flooding and the chat server gets freezes due to Denial of service. Criminals use Cyber stalking to harass women and celebrities. IRC crimes can be halt by simply ignoring or banning the user id which almost all chat sites allow.Salami AttackAll these times we were talking about a crime which is relevant only to single attack , now lets talk about a series of tiny attacks which is categorise as salami slicing in computer cyber terms. The attacker steals a comparatively small add of money from the account and the actual account holder will wear thin that it might be a service charge of any bank transactions or transaction which they might have done during shop and wont be bothered to scrutinise the actual fact. such attacks will be done will multiple users which is like an atomic reaction.BotnetA bot is defined as zombie army which is an interconnected network of computers on the Internet with malicious infected software robots. The zombies army can be controlled only by the owner of the respective program. Botnet which is a malware can result in Denial of service attack. Criminals use this technique to utilize the overlap processing power and memory Gradually the users system will face slow down .The solution to overcome the botnet is to install antivirus which can detect the malwares .(Parker, 1999)4.2 INTELLECTUAL straightlacedTYIntellectual property commonly referred as IP in short is associated with creativity of an artistic work, or invention of technologies. Computer professionals and students are committed not to copy other works to part of their work without their consent. Taking the credit of innovative work might not be technically a crime under law but it is unethical. According to Richard stallman the founder and pioneer of Free software , software it should not l ie with certain limited people . His version is no one has the monopoly to own, it should be open to all it being claimed as information. The statement of Deborah Johnson is that softwares and applications are the outcomes of a group of professionals effort leveraged by their skill set. I would stand aside Johnson as this an assiduity which is the bread giving one, but superannuated softwares can be release for public use and for students and financially regardant(postnominal) people where the light of information world dint fall. Intellectual property is categorized into two by world intellectual property society as copyright and patent4.2.1 PiracySoftware piracy is the most polemical talk in the information space, if we never pay for free-ware used, the sharewares has to be payed depending on the usage entitled by the owner. Piracy lies somewhere in the affectionateness where the customer need to be pay relatively small come which is common in Asian countries. Piracy has spr ead to video industry as well by where the storage discs of newly released albums and movies are available in market for cheaper price .(Williams, 2003)4.2.2 Open- outset Vs Closed- semen.Open- kickoff applications are those applications available free of cost Closed-source applications are available in the market like windows operating system. Open-source softwares can be downloaded free of cost and can be manipulated using the source code. As the word refers closed source softwares are closed in many ways, so we can expect more security from them. It will not be easier for a hacker to create a threat in closed source. For an open source application the source is readily available to the end user, he can experiment the possible vulnerabilities and can create a threat from that.4.2.3 piracyStudents are liable to stick on to plagiarism. Copying a colleagues pivotal information is equivalent to theft. Plagiarism is a kind of cheating, school going kids do it by literally downloadin g and later amend it by changing the overall look by adding font colours. Arranging the referred website and book in a systematic way will help the student locomote into plagiarism. Consolidating this data into bibliography will help the student in the safer side. (Bynum, 2008) (Williams, 2003)4.3 PRIVACY AND anonymitySpoofingSpoofing is the process of doing any kind of on-line data transfer where the root word of the data will be IP- spoofing and email spoofing the subcategories of spoofing . IP-Spoofing is the technique used to enshroud ones ip address and leverage other persons ip address to do some malpractices. In email spoofing the usually terrorists use this to send grueling email to home affairs department. Man in the middle attack is the by-product of spoofing where a person does the crime pretending the online transaction is done by the poor chap who owns the on-line account by network address translation on a cloud computing . Many corporate have security policies im plemented to defend against these attacksPhishingPhishing is the tactics of move fake emails giving an impression to the end user who receives the email mentioning he is receiving it on behalf of a well reputed organization most of the times from the bearing or financial department claiming asking for the credit card enlarge .Phishing sets either an upsetting message or an offer message which enables a psychological reaction in humanPhishing scams are dramatically change magnitude now a day. To overcome in case of any discrepancies the link needs to be avoided and intimating the concerned person may be a good approach.Password protectionPasswords are the keys to get into our privacy .Every individual have a bunch of passwords and most of them are identical for our own convenience. .If we are in a business critical position of a corporate or reputed brand. We should adhere to not sharing the passwords even with our friends need to keep the passwords changed in a time interval of three months .need to make sure we are using complex passwords which contains alphanumeric characters as well. (Bynum, 2008) hearty NETWORKING AND BLOGSSocial networking in a spanning innovation of the present world. It is one among the innovations of the hug drug which if used in a supposed manner common macrocosm can make use of it .The advantage of social networking is wherever we go around the world we can be in touch with our loved ones and friends. Social networking can let a business man know the response of his products instantly from the blogs. As mentioned early when new invention is natural with equal brother which is a crime . He looks identical twin until being as a crime. Social networking is an unavoidable part of our social life. We are kept updated by the blogs and status updates which is advantageous in many ways for a person who dont look at newspaper , ameliorate his vocabulary, culture and will let him know what is happening around and most of them comes fr ee of cost. An individual can upload a fake visibleness which can misguide many youngsters. Most of the social networking websites are in camera owned and they dont really look into the verification of the information provided in the user profile which might result in the misuse of profile for anti-social activities which can a celebrity or a religiously known prestigious person. (Barrons Educational Series, Inc, 1999)5. COMPUTER ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITYComputer professionals work on many technologies in different domains. They work on different programming languages and evolving technology platforms. They are spread around the world bring their inventions. The computer professionals are not limited to computer scientists or software engineers. The chain will be incomplete without system analysts, warehouse professionals hardware designers, networking professionals, database administrators and IT managers. The basics of ethics should start from each computer profes sional .there would not be no one to monitor at work. Computer ethics should be self driven. The computer professionals should voluntary test and validate the errors without leaving any loopholes when the applications are build. There is a saying Engineers build the world where the same engineers destruct the world too. This is complementary as the engineers invented concrete mix machines and cranes whereas the same engineers invented the bulldozer. It is the same case of computer industry where the softwares engineers develop softwares and the same software engineers create viruses. Usage of computer or network without the owners permission physically or virtually and damaging data is unethical and is sure enough a crime. This crime can be monitored upto an extend by irreverence detection systems IDS. IDS is capable of monitoring the computers and its network in an organization. The IDSs are tack in such a way that whenever a deviation from standard policies it will trigger an alert to the system administrator. The computer professionals are stimulate to certain responsibility, a software developer who develops is responsible to point out the drawbacks to the society during the primitive stage of the development. The professional should we educated towards the legal responsibilities of the applications as it could become a harm to the evolving technologies . According to me the legal and moral responsibility is coarse and the professional should look into the future inflictions. This lies on the shoulder of every component in the team. The members should report any kind of issues to their supervisors.Few disasters in the retiring(a) which reminds us about the importance of ethics 1985 Therac- 25 radiation machine fail1983 World war 3 Due to bug the Soviet intelligence applications1987 Wall street crash known as total darkness Monday1990 ATT network collapse1995 Airane explosion1999 Siemens passport bug2000 I love you virus,2004 UK child support agen cy bugThese events in the by reminds us the importance of the software testers were morally liable to the fix could have away because of negligence. Assuming the context of software development for a medicalACM CodeThe association for computing machinery ACM released the code of ethics and professional conduct which is set as a benchmark for computer ethics so far. It is a 24 which talks about the contributing to the society without harming giving credit to intellectual property with respect to privacy and remarks confidentiality. Professional responsibilities striving to achieve quality and dignity in work and product. Maintaining competency with respect to the law pertaining professional work. Providing professional review and comprehensive evaluation. We should honour the contract and responsibilities assigned to us. Should improve public understanding. One should access the computer resource when they are supposed to do so.In 1992 Dr.Ramon C Barquin discussed the region of co mputer ethics through Computer ethics institute and is being used by reputed institutions and organisation which is quoted as below5.1 Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics1. railway yard SHALT NOT subroutine A COMPUTER TO terms OTHER PEOPLE.2. kB SHALT NOT INTERFERE WITH OTHER PEOPLES COMPUTER WORK.3. super C SHALT NOT SNOOP AROUND IN OTHER PEOPLES COMPUTER FILES.4. THOU SHALT NOT USE A COMPUTER TO STEAL.5. THOU SHALT NOT USE A COMPUTER TO BEAR FALSE WITNESS.6. THOU SHALT NOT write OR USE PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE FOR WHICH YOU HAVE NOT PAID.7. THOU SHALT NOT USE OTHER PEOPLES COMPUTER RESOURCES WITHOUT AUTHORIZATION OR PROPER COMPENSATION.8. THOU SHALT NOT APPROPRIATE OTHER PEOPLES INTELLECTUAL OUTPUT.9. THOU SHALT have in mind ABOUT THE SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PROGRAM YOU ARE WRITING OR THE dodge YOU ARE DESIGNING.10. THOU SHALT ALWAYS USE A COMPUTER IN WAYS THAT INSURE CONSIDERATION AND RESPECT FOR YOUR FELLOW HUMANS. (Herold, 2006)6. CONCLUSIONMost of the crimes are happeni ng due to underlying vulnerabilities in the system which stiff undetected due to ignorance. All the computer relevant evils cannot be sanitized. By applying hot fixes and patches these security concerns could be covered .Privacy can be recalled by adhering by not sharing passwords with friends .A sophisticated intrusion prevention system in place will hinder many intruders and safeguards the system and network. A frequent auditing in the IT infrastructure and review can help in planning and implementing security systems. According to me the best thing is to be in touch with computer professionals and joining their communities and having an eye on the blogs can help us to get rid of the computer. Individuals are the basic building blocks of the society. So the decision making factor should start from the soul of each and every computer user. A focus on the information system failure and research on them could lime light on the computer ethics. Computer ethics need to be a part of th e curriculum for students as they get exposure to information world and might get misleaded without guidance. If the communities are doing good it will for sure make a good electrical shock in the progress of a good nation and in turn a good world. To attain this we should respect others privacy, the use of any software should not harm anyone else and end-users should be willing to pay closed source applications and contribute for sharewares .If we come across any discrepancies use our internal sense to relish need to keep the legal people informed about the issue. Employees should adhere to the organizations policies. Honesty and Integrity can strive to ethics. (Tom Forester, 2001) (Stamatellos)

Differences Between University And School :: essays research papers

In recent years, although 3rd education is certainly popular among Hong Kong students. It is unlikely that all students arouse substantially catch the ways of studying at starting university. Therefore, we need to make love actually what spectacular differences betwixt studying at university and instruct in order to accommodate our ways of studying more effective to arrive at the tertiary education. In this essay, I will try to examine their differences in terms of the characteristic of teachers and students, students time management and motivation as advantageously as the modes of assessment Firstly, the characteristic of teachers and students in school and at university has great differences. The school teachers dismantle to translate the textbooks word-by-word from limited training-based, and whether the students understand the lessons or not, they can passively copy down the information and refers to their notes later at radix and memorizes them. However, the univers ity students are no longer allowed to sit quietly and negatively passim the class. They are being demanded to discuss academic matters or cooperate with early(a) classmate to perform projects. They are require to find sources, gathering information and put them into order. As Marshall and Rowland (1993, 34) pointed out, the ability to think critically is a generic skill that are expected to acquire in the undergrad education and transfer to daily life, future or current work. Therefore, the tutors at university who offer not only textbook instructions but in addition helps students to think critically and independently by encouragement. Besides, students can choose and adjust their own learning style independently from freely choices of materials provided at university. another(prenominal) important difference in students time management that is mainly affect by the learners motivation in school and at university. The motivation of school students is comes from parents and teac hers, who reward or punish students for keeping up their studies. Students are unhoped-for to blueprint or do anything besides follow the timetable and study enrolment from teachers. When a student moves on to undertake university study at undergrad level, there is demanded to be more self-motivated and independent learning. Such as plan a learning programme that takes into consideration time available for study. As Marshall and Rowland (1993, 41) shown that, if students are studying at a distance in tertiary education are needed to be particularly mensural in setting priorities and balance a certain time between work and study, family and social life.

The Compiled Sync List of The Wizard of Oz :: The Wizard of Oz Movies Music Films Essays

The Compiled Sync List of The whizz of Oz001-Echoes 1) The first indicator that incessantlyything is going right is the change from Speak to Me to breathe which coincides exactly with the fade-in appearance of the name of producerMervyn LeRoy*Note In the prologue the say Time (one of the songs on the CD) is written with a capital letter take down though it isnt at the start of the sentence. Also you will find the r eitherying cry Heart capitalized in the middle of a sentence (a sound special(a) to The Dark Side of the Moon). 2) Leave, but dont leave me ... Auntie Em appears to say ... Leave ... to Dorothy and then Dorothy turns to leave looking a objet dart down in the mouth. 3) Right after the words ... Look virtually ... Dorothy looks around. 4) ... Smiles youll give and tears youll cry ... Two men above (Cowardly lion and Tin Woodsman) are smiling and the man below (Scarecrow) is crying. This one is shield of not on time but worth the mention. 5) ... completely you gi ve ... Dorothy touches the man (Cowardly Lion) holding a bucket on his arm. *Note All you touch and all you see is all your life will ever be Dorothys life will only really be all she touches and all she sees in her Kansas home because Oz exists only in her pretty petite head. 6) ... When at last the work is done ... the man (Scarecrow) hits his finger with the dog pound (to the beat of the drum no less) and is done with his work. 7) Right after ... cover that hole ... the farm hand (Scarecrow) points to the ground as if telling Dorothy to guessing a hole. 8) ... Balanced on the biggest wave ... Dorothy is balancing herself on the fence. 9) ... lavation towards an early grave. is said at the moment just before Dorothy fall off the fence rail. ... Down in the pig-pen sayin keep on diggin ... Lyrics from Pigs (Three Different Ones) by Roger Waters on the Animals CD *Note ... Race towards an early grave ... possibly a reference to Judy Garlands untimely death? *Note Judy Garland died in 1969, the same year we put a man on the stargaze ... Ill see you on the Dark Side of the Moon. 10) Song shifts from Breathe to On the Run at the same time (actually just slightly before) Dorothy locomote off the fence.

Hate Groups on the Internet Essay -- Ku Klux Klan KKK Neo Nazis skinhe

The Web of HateTechnology has provided our hunting lodge with numerous innovations that have been created to improve the quality of life on a daily basis. One such innovation is the lucre. The access to a unspecific variety of information is perhaps the most valuable tool, as wellhead as the most important tool, that we have entering the twenty-first century. on that point atomic number 18 virtually no limits on how much can be achieved through the affair of the Internet. This is not, however, necessarily a good thing. Most tribe find that offensive material such as child crock and hate-related propaganda can be viewed by people too easily via the Internet. art object child pornography is a detestable subject, it does not have the block out of appeal that a hate group website does in that there are stricter guidelines preventing individuals from attaining child pornography material from the Internet. These stricter guideline s include the Communications Decency Act (1995), which forbids the use of the Internet for such purposes as attaining material of a child grownup nature (Wolf, 2000). This law can also be used to oversee the hate group websites, but since the law is too broad, it is rarely held up in court. The hate group websites do, however, have a large abundant following that there is legislation being formed to specifically objective lens the material on the sites. Despite the highly offensive nature of hate group websites, the sites should not be censored because the right to free patois must be preserved. In this paper we will define what is considered to be hateful content why this hateful content should be protected what else can be done to monitor this material on the Internet and when are the people cr... ...nt rights in order to completely abolish the views of a entire nation to stop the ignorant views of a much little portion of our great democratic nation. Works Cited1. Co ntrol of the Internet at http//alamo.nmsu.edu/library/control.html2. Join, Free Speech, and the Internet at http//www.orins.com/freespe.html3. Borland, John, Neo-Nazi Group Sued for Online Threats (10/20/98) at http//content.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB19981020S00104. Wolf, Christopher, Racists, Bigots, and Law on the Internet at http//www.adl.org/ meshwork/internet_law3.html 5. Creativity Online Church Sites for a New Era of Evolution. 18 Apr. 2000. field Church of the Creator. 20 at http//www.wcotc.com6. Schleifer, Yigal. Cyber Hate, The Jerusalem Report May 24, 1999 37+.7. Schleifer, Yigal. Taming The Wild Web, The Jerusalem Report Jan. 31, 2000 36.

The Nike Co. Essay -- essays research papers

NIKE1.)Description of Nike.2.)Definition of Total Quality caution and how Nike implements it.3.)Definition of the Five Elements of Task Environment and how Nike. implements it.The company 1-A brief history of the ecesis2- Nikes goals 3- Nikes objectives 4-Markets5-SizeCompare theory with what we found Conclusion explanationBasketball players penury to be like Mike, but garment companies want to be like NIKE. NIKE is the worlds number one shoe company and controls more than than 40% of the athletic shoe market place. The company designs and sells shoes for just nigh each sport, including prowball, volleyball, cheerleading, and wrestling. Nike doesnt wholly sell athletic shoes, but a long variety of sporting goods and clothing they design, develop, and market high superior restless sports apparel, equipment, and accessory products. Their huge lines of products are designed for just about every sport in existence. Their products are made for men, women, and children of al l ages. In addition, it operates NIKETOWN shoe and sportswear stores and is opening JORDAN in-store outlets in urban markets. NIKE sells its products to about 19,000 US accounts, in about 140 other countries, and online. Chairman, CEO, and co-founder Phil Knight owns about 36% of the firm. jibe QUALITY MANAGEMENT Total quality direction represents both a social revolution in the work place and a stringently effective approach to professionalism and success. Total quality management is a management system that is an integral part of an organizations strategy and is aimed at continually improving products and service quality so as to achieve high levels of customer satisfaction and build strong customer loyalty .In other words, the unbent Total Quality organization will eliminate all disceptation other than from other Total Quality giants. Many companies have benefited from an tension on TQM however, it does require a considerable amount of company grand commitment to be suc cessful . The customer doesnt know what is technically or organizationally feasible. So the key, challenge to a competitive organization, is to raise the expectations of the market place by providing goods and services at quality levels higher than those offered by the competition.We can now see that there are two track elements to Total Quality a business strategic element base o... ...V ads during professional and college sports events, prime-time programs, and late-night TV programs.The advertising and innovative marketing in the diligence should still leave it extremely competitive. The only problem that Nike worries about is customers neat less brand-loyal and buying cheaper athletic shoe brands. Nike is trying to make the level off that it is worth spending more money on better quality made shoe, than buying a cheap shoe that will only last a little while. One major area that brings measureless opportunities to Nike is the international market. In the United Sates, there are 4 mess for every pair of Nikes, France has 11, Japan has 50, China has 11,821, and Lebanon has 40 (reference from manager). Nike distributes to more than 40 branches in Lebanon and they have their own main branch situated in Mid-Beirut.Nike is by utmost the biggest organization in the shoe industry and far surpases its competetors in profits gained. Nike sells throught the world in more than 110 countries throught a span of six continents. It is known by most consumers as the plethoric power in the sports industry and is usually the athelets top choice when it comes to sports apparel.