James Joyces Araby - Araby as Epiphany for the Common Man Essay

James Joyces capital of Irelanders - Araby as Epiphany for the jet ManJoseph Campbell was one of many theorists who have seen basic common denominators in the myths of the worlds great religions, Christianity among them, and have show how elements of myth have open their way into non-religious stories. Action heroes, in this respect, argon not unlike saints. Biblical stories are, quite simply, the mythos of the Catholic religion, with saints being the heroes in such(prenominal) stories. The Star Wars film saga is, according to Campbell, an example of the heros maturation via the undertaking of a great quest. Though it is a unafraid assumption that many of todays film makers are unconscious of the goal to which their narratives approach biblical parallels, Joyce spent his career turning seemingly simple stories into veiled recantings of biblical and mythological screw. Araby is a case-in-point. Like Luke Skywalker, the male child in Araby certainly reaches a maturation of so rts while undertaking a quest. Joyce takes accurate and mundane details of Dublin life and elevates them into a grand mythical pattern, targeting a moment of departure and awakening for the boy. Joyces function in equating mundane experience with heroic experience is to propose that the potential for epiphany--the heros realization of a certain truth--is not exclusive to saints alone, but exists in all people. In order to so, Joyce must declare a relationship between the ordinary and the sublime. The sophistication of the boys story is apparent. On one level, it is a simple story about the kind of unrequited puppy dear that strikes most boys of his age. The details of the setting conform to from real Dublin--North Richmond Street and Westland Row Station--and depict ... ...t chooses to go to the temple, Orpheus chooses to go to Tartaros. Joyce made his own choice to grant Ireland, and the result is a lifetimes body of reckon that demonstrates great insight. It is a good guess t hat this insight came from a realization Joyce himself may have had--his own epiphany, if you will--illustrating the extent to which the pattern of journey and realization found their way into his life as well as his work. Work CitedJoyce, James. Dubliners. New York Washington Square Press, 1998. Works ConsultedSchwarz, David R. Dubliners Complete, unequivocal Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts, vituperative History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives. Ed. David R. Schwarz. Boston Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994. Werner, Craig Hansen. Dubliners A Pluralistic World. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1988. James Joyces Araby - Araby as Epiphany for the Common Man EssayJames Joyces Dubliners - Araby as Epiphany for the Common ManJoseph Campbell was one of many theorists who have seen basic common denominators in the myths of the worlds great religions, Christianity among them, and have demonstrated how elements of myth have found thei r way into non-religious stories. Action heroes, in this respect, are not unlike saints. Biblical stories are, quite simply, the mythos of the Catholic religion, with saints being the heroes in such stories. The Star Wars film saga is, according to Campbell, an example of the heros maturation via the undertaking of a great quest. Though it is a safe assumption that many of todays film makers are unconscious of the extent to which their narratives approach biblical parallels, Joyce spent his career turning seemingly simple stories into veiled recantings of biblical and mythical experience. Araby is a case-in-point. Like Luke Skywalker, the boy in Araby certainly reaches a maturation of sorts while undertaking a quest. Joyce takes accurate and mundane details of Dublin life and elevates them into a grand mythical pattern, targeting a moment of departure and awakening for the boy. Joyces function in equating mundane experience with heroic experience is to propose that the potential for epiphany--the heros realization of a certain truth--is not exclusive to saints alone, but exists in all people. In order to so, Joyce must declare a relationship between the ordinary and the sublime. The ordinariness of the boys story is apparent. On one level, it is a simple story about the kind of unrequited puppy love that strikes most boys of his age. The details of the setting come from real Dublin--North Richmond Street and Westland Row Station--and depict ... ...t chooses to go to the temple, Orpheus chooses to go to Tartaros. Joyce made his own choice to leave Ireland, and the result is a lifetimes body of work that demonstrates great insight. It is a good guess that this insight came from a realization Joyce himself may have had--his own epiphany, if you will--illustrating the extent to which the pattern of journey and realization found their way into his life as well as his work. Work CitedJoyce, James. Dubliners. New York Washington Square Press, 1998. Works ConsultedSc hwarz, David R. Dubliners Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives. Ed. David R. Schwarz. Boston Bedford Books of St. Martins Press, 1994. Werner, Craig Hansen. Dubliners A Pluralistic World. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1988.

West Germany :: essays research papers

This European country grew from a lite federation of states into iodine of the most powerful nations in the world. Germany is located in the very heart of Europe, bordered by the nine other countries. It became a dissever nation subsequently its overwhelming defeat in World War II. Following its surrender in 1945, Germany was occupied by military forces of the Soviet join, France, massive Britain, and the United States. The Soviets controlled the eastern and the other powers the western hemisphere. In 1949 twain republics were set up the Democratic republic of East Germany and the Federal Republic of West Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany was proclaimed whitethorn 23rd,1949 in Bonn, after a constitution had been drawn up by a consultative assembly formed by representatives of the football team states in French. British, and American zones.The government of the French Republic of Western Germany follows the democratic pattern and provides specially for such basic righ ts as freedom of speech, of faith, and of assembly. The parliament consists of two houses. The upper chamber is the Bundesrat, whose delegates are appointed by the various autonomous state governments. The lower chamber is the Bundestag, whose members are chosen every four age by rank popular vote. The Bundestag passes the laws and chooses the head of government. Some laws passed by the Bundestag require approval of the BundesratThey include laws that relate directly to the states responsibilities, such as matters dealing with bringing up and local government. The executive Bundestag elects a member of the strongest political party in that house to br federal chancellor, the head of government. The chancellor selects the ministries who make up the cabinet and heads the government departments. West Germany state governments has a legislature. Members of most of the legislature are elected to four-year terms. The legislature elects a minister president to head state government. T he Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party are West Germanys largest political parties. The Democratic Republic of East Germany is a Communist state. Berlin was split and the Berlin groyne was built in 1961 because after World War II East Germany migrants started coming into West Germany by the thousands.West Germany essays research papers This European country grew from a loose federation of states into one of the most powerful nations in the world. Germany is located in the very heart of Europe, bordered by the nine other countries. It became a divided nation after its overwhelming defeat in World War II. Following its surrender in 1945, Germany was occupied by military forces of the Soviet Union, France, Great Britain, and the United States. The Soviets controlled the East and the other powers the West. In 1949 two republics were set up the Democratic Republic of East Germany and the Federal Republic of West Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany was proc laimed May 23rd,1949 in Bonn, after a constitution had been drawn up by a consultative assembly formed by representatives of the eleven states in French. British, and American zones.The government of the French Republic of Western Germany follows the democratic pattern and provides specially for such basic rights as freedom of speech, of faith, and of assembly. The parliament consists of two chambers. The upper chamber is the Bundesrat, whose delegates are appointed by the various autonomous state governments. The lower chamber is the Bundestag, whose members are chosen every four years by direct popular vote. The Bundestag passes the laws and chooses the head of government. Some laws passed by the Bundestag require approval of the BundesratThey include laws that relate directly to the states responsibilities, such as matters dealing with education and local government. The executive Bundestag elects a member of the strongest political party in that house to br federal chancellor, t he head of government. The chancellor selects the ministries who make up the cabinet and heads the government departments. West Germany state governments has a legislature. Members of most of the legislature are elected to four-year terms. The legislature elects a minister president to head state government. The Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party are West Germanys largest political parties. The Democratic Republic of East Germany is a Communist state. Berlin was split and the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 because after World War II East Germany migrants started coming into West Germany by the thousands.

Greeks :: essays research papers fc

classicalsGreek beliefs changed over time. In the beginning the Greeks believed strongly in the gods. These ideas were very similar to those of earlier peoples (Craig, Graham, et. al. 57). The Greek gods sh ared many of the same characteristics of the Mesopotamian deities (Craig, Graham, et. al. 57). The Greek pantheon consisted of the twelve gods who lived on Mount Olympus (Craig, Graham, et. al. 83). These gods were -Zeus, the father of the gods, -Hera, his wife, -Zeuss siblings Poseidon, his brother, god of seas and earthquakes, Hestia, his sister, goddess of the hearth, Demeter, his sister, goddess of agriculture and marriage, -Zeuss children Aphrodite, goddess of love and beauty, Apollo, god of sun, music, poetry, and prophecy, Ares, god of war, Artemis, goddess of the moon and the hunt, Athena, goddess of wisdom and the arts, Hephaestus, god of kindle and met wholeurgy, -Hermes, messenger of the gods (Craig, Graham, et. al. 83). The gods were seen as behaving very much as mo rtal humans behaved, except that they possessed superhuman qualities and they were immortal (Craig, Graham, et. al. 83). These qualities are shown in many of the stories that are passed down through Greek history. The Greeks respect for their gods came partially out of fear. An example of superhuman qualities to be feared is stated in TheogonyThen Zeus no agelong held back his might but straight his heart was filled with fury and he showed forth all his strength. From Heaven and from Olympus he came immediately, hurling his lightning the bolts flew thick and card-playing from his strong hand together with thunder and lightning, whirling an awesome flame. The life-giving earth crashed around in burning, and the vast wood crackled loud with fire all about. All the land seethed, and Oceans streams and the unfruitful sea. The hot vapor lapped round the earthborn Titans flame unspeakable rose to the bright upper air out the flashing glare of the thunderstone and lightning blinded thei r eyes for all that they were strong(Hesiod 10). The Greeks believed that the testament of the gods was sacred So it is not possible to deceive or go beyond the will of Zeus (Hesiod 9). As time continued the Greeks beliefs changed in some ways. Some Greeks began to speculate about the nature of the world and its origin. In doing this they made guesses that were completely naturalistic and did not include any reference to supernatural powers or anything else divine (Craig, Graham, et.

Staging Hamlet for a Modern Audience Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet

I do not agree with the comment of Hazlitt There is no play that suffers so oftentimes in being transferred to the stage Based on performances I have seen and other plays by Shakespeare, I think this is angiotensin-converting enzyme of his better plays as it does not convey to guidelines. Although a long play, it has a information to it, that, if transferred to the stage well, is transformed from a long and winding script to a fascinating play filled with suspicion and the emotions of the characters run high. Hamlet, nonetheless is a challenging script and Hamlet himself can either create the play, or destroy it, he is the key element. To fascinate the auditory modality from the outset you need to examine the setting that Shakespeare describes throughout the script. For in order to create the atmosphere that is in the book you have to overcome the challenges set out, for warning the many different sets in the play, the castle, the battlements, Ophelias bedroom, a nd the grounds. The sky is important in Hamlet for the stars and Greek Gods were the interest of the time. This most excellent canopy, the air, look you, this brave oerhanging firmament, this magestical roof fretted with well-disposed fire- why, it appeareth nothing to me but a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours. The difficulty of including all the settings for each scene on stage can be figure out by a backdrop or sky cloth painting which has perspective, drawing the audience in. The sky can be painted high on a separate curtain which can roll up or down in order to be able to change the time of day, for example, one of a sunrise and another of the stars and... ...empty corridor, dissolving into a Pepsi machine But the moment is not a visual joke but a creepy-crawly reminder of him being omniscient in the play. This would be an effective way of playing him on stage, walking from room to room in the castle to show his restless soul. Hamlet is a challengin g play which has been produced many times in many different ways. The ideal Hamlet would be one which combines the old with the new and illustrates the depth and feelings of hamlet through the set whilst creating the characters as the reader sees them whilst reading the script. Everyone sees the ideal Hamlet differently and it would probably be impossible to create one which everyone would love, but to execute most I would create all that I have mentioned and create my Hamlet from modern productions and ideas from the text.

The Importance of Point of View in Kate Chopin’s Fiction Essay

The Importance of Point of View in Kate Chopins Fiction The impact of Kate Chopins invigorated, The Awakening, on society resulted in her ruin, both literary and social. Reviewers called it vulgar, improper, unhealthy, and sickening. One critic said that he wished she had never written it, and another wrote that to truly describe the novel would entail language not fit for publication (Stipe 16). The overwhelming condemnation of the entire book rather than just Ednas suicide seems surprising in light of her successful victimize story career. The themes that Chopin explores in her novel are present in both Bayou Folk and A Night in Acadie, her short story collections published before The Awakening, and the other short stories she published separately. The only reasonable explanation is that people misinterpreted Chopins short stories about male/female person relationships as sentimental and witty stories rather than serious condemnations of the social order that left wo men so miniature choice while giving men little restriction. This misinterpretation even occurs today. In classes I have taken that cover Chopin, many students and instructors read her short stories as romance, as celebrations of motherhood, and as empowerment of the matriarchy, up to now they read The Awakening and recognize Chopins criticism of society without seeing any serious contradiction in their earlier readings of her short stories. However, the overwhelming exercise in Chopins fiction seems to either satirize or undermine the worlds of her characters. One way in which she does this is through point of view. A look at this technique reveals the genesis of The Awakening in even the earliest of her published fiction dealing with male/female sexual relationsh... ...man Writer in the entropy 1859-1936. Baton Rouge Louisiana State UP, 1981.Le Marquand, Jane. Kate Chopin as Feminist Subverting the French Androcentric Influence. Deep South 2 (1996). 26 July 2002 .Stipe, Stormy. The Book That Ruined Kate Chopins Career. Biblio 4.1 (1999) 16-17.Notes1 Patricia Evans notes in a discussion of Chopins place in the literary canon that in the first modern historical survey of southern literature, The South in American Literature, Jay B. Hubbell identifies one hundred male writers, but only five women. He justifies this omission by stating, their writing was generally sentimental and inferior (4).2 In The Awakening, Robert LeBrun turns way from Edna when she proposes they live openly together. He cannot violate the codes of his world so blatantly.

The Importance of Point of View in Kate Chopin’s Fiction Essay

The Importance of Point of View in Kate Chopins Fiction The bushel of Kate Chopins novel, The Awakening, on society resulted in her ruin, both literary and social. Reviewers called it vulgar, improper, unhealthy, and sickening. One critic said that he wished she had never written it, and another wrote that to truly chance on the novel would entail language not fit for publication (Stipe 16). The overwhelm condemnation of the entire book rather than just Ednas suicide seems move in light of her successful short story career. The themes that Chopin explores in her novel are present in both Bayou Folk and A Night in Acadie, her short story collections published before The Awakening, and the other short stories she published separately. The only reasonable explanation is that people misinterpreted Chopins short stories about virile/female relationships as senti workforcetal and witty stories rather than serious condemnations of the social order that left women so little choice while giving men little restriction. This misinterpretation even occurs today. In classes I have taken that cover Chopin, many students and instructors read her short stories as romance, as celebrations of motherhood, and as say-so of the matriarchy, yet they read The Awakening and recognize Chopins criticism of society without seeing any serious contradiction in their earlier readings of her short stories. However, the overwhelming pattern in Chopins fiction seems to either satirize or undermine the worlds of her characters. One way in which she does this is through point of view. A number at this technique reveals the genesis of The Awakening in even the earliest of her published fiction dealing with male/female sexual relationsh... ...man Writer in the southerly 1859-1936. Baton Rouge Louisiana State UP, 1981.Le Marquand, Jane. Kate Chopin as Feminist Subverting the French Androcentric Influence. Deep South 2 (1996). 26 July 2002 .Stipe, Stormy. The Book That do ne for(p) Kate Chopins Career. Biblio 4.1 (1999) 16-17.Notes1 Patricia Evans notes in a discussion of Chopins place in the literary canon that in the first modern historical survey of southern literature, The South in American Literature, Jay B. Hubbell identifies one hundred male writers, but only five women. He justifies this omission by stating, their writing was generally sentimental and indifferent (4).2 In The Awakening, Robert LeBrun turns way from Edna when she proposes they live openly together. He cannot violate the codes of his world so blatantly.

Cognitive Psychology False Memory Essay

Theoretical and Applied/Practical Perspective of False reminiscence The human memory is font to a multitude of errors, including source misattributions, distortion and instauration of saturnine memories. In order to do justice to this paper one must first destine what is False memory? False memory is memory for an event that did not occur or distorted memory of actual events (Gleaves, Smith, Butler, & Spiegel, 2004). This type of memory has been an sports stadium of intense research interest for both theoretical and concrete reasons and psycholo inwardnesss have long been interested in memory illusions and distortions, as such errors freighter communicate theories of how the memory works (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). From a theoretical perspective, false memories have been the subject of intense debates about the nature of human memory and a focal contingent for old and advanced memory theories. Memories are not simply stored and retrieved, study is encoded and memories are recon structed using previous knowledge to piece together the mail service as one thinks it occurred (Loftus & Ketchan, 1994). because perception and comprehension of ongoing events always brings related information to mind. For example, an individual mentions that he/she had a great trip to the land over the weekend. In comprehending what the individual is saying one may imagine their last visit to Miami strand. Later one remembers that the said individual mentioned his/her visit to Miami Beach when, in fact, the individual said nothing about which beach he/she visited. This example illustrates how frequently one might remember information related to ones ongoing perception and comprehension, even though the events represented by that information never occurred (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). One of the most common ways that false memories have been studied is by the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect. This list learning icon provided a traceable means by which false memories can be create d and studied in the laboratory.Gallo, McDermott, Percer & Roediger III (2001) explained that the DRM paradigm was a method of using converging semantic associates to induce false memories. It basically referred to the soaring confidence false cogitate or light of the life-sustaining lure. indoors the theme subjects were given a list of words for immediate free recall. These words were all associated semantically with a critical lure which itself was not presented. For example, if the critical lure was sleep the list would have consisted of fifteen words most highly associated with sleep such as bed to the least highly associated which would be drowsy on free association norms. Even though the critical lure was not on the list, subjects often falsely reported it and on recognition tests, these individuals often remember these words with a high degree of confidence (Surgrue & Hayne, 2006).False memories arising from phonologically associated lists may indeed be enhanced by phon ological convert in comparison with semantic encoding. False memories therefore can be elicited by presenting lists of phonologically related words in both recognition and recall tasks (Chan, McDermott, Watson & Gallo, 2005). According to the fuzzy traced possibility (as cited in Howe, 2008), subjects encode both verbatim information about the examine to gist information about the experience. Applied to the DRM paradigm gist information represents the semantic commonalities among lures studied associates, which lead the fuzzy trace theory to propose that lure errors are familiarity based (Arndt, 2010). Memory errors to unstudied items arise from how well they match gist traces and that memory errors are peculiar(a) by the extent to which unstudied items produce retrieval of verbatim traces. Therefore lure errors increase when they match the gists re display of their studied associates but decrease when retrieval is inspired of the verbatim traces of their studied associates (Howe , 2008).Once the gist federal agency is fair squiffy it can produce an illusory subjective experience of its actual presentation, this is known as phantom recollection (Gallo, McDermott, Percer & Roediger III, 2001). When this phenomenon occurs an individual may confuse the gist trace strength with the psychological experience of recollecting, which is normally mediated by retrieving verbatim traces of studied items. As lure items tend to match very strong gist traces in memory individuals believe they can recollect DRM lures. According to Arndt, (2010), this theory proposes that although these errors are often phenomenologically similar to items that were episodically see, lures recollection phenomenology is representationally distinct from that of study items (p.67). There is evidence however that false memory can be based largely on automatic processing and is amenable to only limited conscious control.For example, Dodd and MacLeod (2004), showed that mere exposure to DRM lis ts was sufficient to create a false memory They presented DRM lists as coloured words in a Stroop test. Naming colors reduced accurate memory for list words as compared to reading coloured words, but false memory remained high for critical words. Furthermore, the elimination of false memory is difficult in that certain encoding manipulations may lead to reductions in false memories through metamemorial processes occurring at retrieval (Gallo, McDermott, Percer & Roediger III, 2001, p.339). For example slowing presentation rate decreases the probability of false remembering, but may not eliminate it (Gallo, McDermott, Percer & Roediger III, 2001). False memories are remarkably persistent. For example, Toglia, Neuschatz and Goodwin (1999) found that false recall rates remained high over a three-week period, whereas recall of studied words revealed the typical decrement.In short, the DRM paradigm allows for the easy and reliable elicitation of false memories in the laboratory. From a p ractical perspective, false memories are a threat to the validity of eyewitness testimony, a misleading source of autobiographical information in psychotherapy, and a biased representation of lessons taught in educational settings. For this assignment the validity of eyewitness testimony only, will be discussed (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). According to Greene (as cited in Loftus, 1995, p.720), memories do not exist in a vacuum. Rather, they continually disrupt each other through a mechanism that we call interference. For instance, memories can be disrupted by things that an individual experienced earlier, this is known as proactive interference or situations that one may experience later, which is known as retroactive interference. Based on the interference theory from a retroactive interference perspective, when new information is received that is misleading in some ways individuals make errors when they report what they axiom.The reason for this is that new information often becomes inc orporated into the recollection, supplementing or altering it in a significant way (Porter, Bellhouse, McDougall, Brinke & Wilson, 2010). Elizabeth Loftus (as cited in Hunt & Ellis, 2004), pioneered laboratory research modeled on eyewitness situation demonstrating the intervening events that occur surrounded by witnessing an event and subsequent testimony in court. The paradigm for this research was simple, participants witnesses a simulated violent crime of an motorcar accident half of the participants received new misleading information about the event and the other half did not received any misinformation. The participants in this examine were influenced by presuppositions invoked by the verbs smashed and hit based on the question asked, which was About how fast the car was going when they hit, smashed each other . riled presupposes a more violent collision a fact that influences both estimates of speed and amount of damage.Therefore individuals who stated that there was brok en glass saw the word smashed, but no broken glass was actually depicted in the film. The presupposition dramatically, but subtly influenced memory for the actual event (Loftus, 1995). What was macrocosm remembered was the integrated memory of the two events, memory for the original film, plus memory for the additional information that was inherent in the question asked later. As the two memories amalgamate over time the end result would be a single blended memory that is a distortion of the original event (Hunt & Ellis, 2004). Higham (1998), showed that the latency between exposure to misinformation and time recall also influenced the misinformation effect, such that recent exposure to recent information was associated with greater recall of false details. Therefore both the solvent bias and memory change accounts have important implications for how one might regard the reliability of eyewitness testimony.According to Loftus & Pickrell (1995), false memories can be embed as was demonstrated in the Lost-in-a-shopping-mall study. It suggested that memory of an entire mildly traumatic event can be created and that further questions may be asked, such as, is it come-at-able to implant a memory of abuse. For example one of the most dramatic cases of false memory of abuse ever to be documented was the case of capital of Minnesota Ingram from Olympia, Washington (Ofshe, 1992 Watters, 1991). This individual was arrested for child abuse in 1988 at the time he was chair of the county Republican committee. From the outset he denied everything, but after five dollar bill months of interrogation, suggestions from a psychologist and continuing pressure from detectives and advisors, Ingram began to confess to rapes, assaults, child sexual abuse, and participation in a Satan-worshiping cult alleged to have murdered 25 babies (Loftus, 1993).Ofshe (1989) observe that this was not the first time that a vulnerable individual had been made to believe that he had committed a crime for which he originally had no memory and which evidence proved he could not have committed. What is crucial about the Ingram case is that some of the same methods that are used in subdue memory cases were used with Ingram. This case also provides further insights into the malleable nature of memory. They suggest that memories for personally traumatic events can be altered by new experiences. Moreover, they reveal that entire events that never happened can be injected into memory. Therefore false memories range from the relatively trivial (e.g., remembering voting) to the bizarre (e.g., remembering forcing ones daughter and son to have sex) (Loftus, 1993). These false memories, with more or less detail, of course, do not prove that repressed memories of abuse that return are false.They do demonstrate a mechanism by which false memories can be created, by a small suggestion from a trusted family member, by auditory sense someone lie, by suggestion from a psychologist, or by incorporation of the experiences of others into ones own autobiography planted (Loftus, 1993). Although false memories of ones childhood can be implanted, it does not imply that all memories that arise after suggestion are necessarily false, although the experimental work on false memory creation raises doubt about the validity of long buried memories such as repeated trauma, but it in no way disproves them. Even with the most experienced evaluator, it is difficult to differentiate true memories from ones that are suggestively planted (Loftus, 1997).True memories represent events as they really occurred, whereas false memories shade, distort or entirely misrepresent events as they really happened. Research on memory distortion indicates that memory is not at all like a mechanical recording device. The original experience is not stored as some veridical trace of what was out there but, rather, is the result of interpretive processes of perception and comprehension. The intriguing p icture of memory that emerges is one of a powerful, adaptively important and usually reliable psychological process that sometimes is completely wrong (Hunt & Ellis, 2004).ReferencesArndt, J. (2010). The role of memory activation in creating false memories of encoding context. daybook of Experimental Psychology, 36(1), 66-79.Chan, C. K. J., McDermott, B. K., Watson, M. J., & Gallo, A. D. ( 2005). The importance of material-processing interactions in inducing false memories. Journal of Memory & Cognition, 33 (3) 389-395.Dodd, M. D., & MacLeod, C. M. (2004). False recognition without intentional learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 137-142.Gallo, A. D., McDermott, B. K., Percer, M. J., & Roediger, L. H. III. (2001). Modality Effects in False Recall and False Recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory and Cognition, 27 (2) 339-353 Gleaves, D. H., Smith, S. M., Butler, L. D., & Spiegel, D. (2004). False and recovered memories in the laboratory and clinic A review of experimental and clinic evidence. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 11 3-28. Higham, P. A. (1998). Believing details known to have been suggested. British Journal of Psychology, 89, 920-930.Howe, L. M. (2008). What is false memory development and the development of input on Brainerd, Reyna and Ceci (2008), Psychological Bullentin, 134 (5), 768-772. Hunt, R. R., & Ellis, C. H. (2004). Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology (7th Ed). McGraw Hill.Loftus, E., & Ketcham, K. (1994). False memories and allegations of sexual abuse The myth of repressed memory. New York St. Martins Press.Loftus, E.F. (1997). Creating false memories. Scientific American, 277, 70-75. Loftus, E.F. (1993). The humankind of repressed memories. American Psychologist, 48, 518-537. Loftus, E.F., & Pickrell, E. J. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals , 25, 720-725.Ofshe, R. J. (1992). Inadvertent hypnosis during interrogation False confession due to dissociative state, miside ntified multiple personality and the goddamned cult hypothesis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 40, 125-156. Ofshe, R. J. (1989). Coerced confessions The logic of seemingly irrational action. Cultic Studies Journal, 6, 1-15Porter, S., Bellhouse, S., McDougall, A., Brinke, T. L., & Wilson, K. (2010). A prospective investigation of the vulnerability of memory for positive and blackball emotional scenes to the misinformation effect. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 42 (1) 55-61. Surgrue, K., & Hayne,H. (2006). False Memories produced by children and Adults in the DRM Paradigm. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 625-631. Toglia, M. P., Neuschatz, J. S., & Goodwin, K. (1999). Recall accuracy and illusory memories When more is less. Memory, 7, 233-256.Watters, E. (1991). The chew out in Mr. Ingram. Mother Jones, 65-68.

Marine Phytoplankton Essay

Phytoplankton From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation, search Diatoms are one of the most common types of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are the autotrophic component of the plankton community. The name comes from the Greek words cpur?v (phyton), meaning plant, and TIXay??q (planktos), meaning wanderer or drifter. l Most phytoplankton are too microscopic to be individu eachy seen with the unaided eye.However, when present in high enough numbers, they may appear as a green discoloration of the water delinquent to the presence f chlorophyll within their cells (although the actual color may vary with the species of phytoplankton present due to varying levels of chlorophyll or the presence of ally pigments such as phycobiliproteins, xanthophylls, etc. ). Contents hide * 1 Ecology * 2 Aquaculture * 3 Blooms * 4 See also * 5 References * 6 External connect edit Ecology Phytoplankton are the foundation of the oceanic food chain.Of these, the best known are dinoflagellat e genera such as Noctiluca and Dinophysis, that obtain organic carbon by ingesting other organisms or detrital material. The term phytoplankton encompasses all photoautotrophic microorganisms in quatic food webs. Phytoplankton serve as the base of the aquatic food web, providing an essential ecological function for all aquatic life. However, unlike terrestrial communities, where most autotrophs are plants, phytoplankton are a diverse group, incorporating protistan eukaryotes and both eubacterial and archaebacterial prokaryotes. there are about 5,000 species of marine phytoplankton. 8 There is uncertainty in how such diversity has evolved in an environment where competition for only a few resources would suggest limited potential for niche differentiation. 9 In terms of numbers, the most important groups of phytoplankton include the diatoms, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, although many other groups of algae are represented. One group, the coccolithophorids, is responsible (in par t) for the release of significant amounts of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) into the atmosphere.DMS is born-again to sulfate and these sulfate molecules act as cloud condensation nuclei, increasing general cloud cover. In oligotrophic oceanic regions such as the Sargasso ocean or the South Pacific Gyre, phytoplankton is dominated by the small sized cells, alled picoplankton, mostly composed of cyanobacteria (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus) and picoeucaryotes such as Micromonas. edit Aquaculture Diagrams of some typical phytoplankton. principal(prenominal) article Algaculture Phytoplankton are a key food item in both aquaculture and mariculture. Both utilize phytoplankton for the feeding of the animals being farmed. In mariculture, the phytoplankton is naturally occurring and is introduced into enclosures with the mean(prenominal) circulation of seawater. In aquaculture, phytoplankton essential be obtained and introduced directly. The plankton can either be collected from a body of water or foodstock for the production of rotifers10, which are in wrick used to feed other organisms.Phytoplankton is also used to feed many varieties of aqua civil molluscs, including pearl oysters and giant clams. The production of phytoplankton under artificial conditions is itself a form of aquaculture. Phytoplankton is cultured for a variety of purposes, including foodstock for other aquacultured organisms10, a nutritional supplement for captive invertebrates in aquaria. Culture sizes range from small-scale laboratory cultures of ess than 1 L to several(prenominal) tens of thousands of liters for commercial aquaculture10.Regardless of the size of the culture, certain conditions must be provided for efficient harvest-tide of plankton. The majority of cultured plankton is marine, and seawater of a specific gravity of 1. 010 to 1. 026 may be used as a culture medium. This water must be sterilized, usually by either high temperatures in an autoclave or by exposure to ultraviolet radiat ion, to prevent biological contamination of the culture. Various fertilizers are added to the culture medium to facilitate the growth of plankton.A culture must be aerated or agitated in some way to keep plankton suspended, as well as to provide dissolved carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. In addition to constant aeration, most cultures are manually mixed or stirred on a regular basis. Light must be provided for the growth of phytoplankton. The colour temperature of illumination should be approximately 6,500 K, but values from 4,000 K to upwards of 20,000 K have been used successfully. The duration of light exposure should be approximately 16 hours daily this is the most efficient artificial day length10

Poverty and Children in the United States Essay

Poverty is the classification of people that fall under a certain income bracket set by the government. Poverty is broken down in to two groups relative and absolute. Relative want is in relation to some people rich mortal more where as absolute penury is considered life-threatening. Poverty affects people of age, race and ethnicity, and gender and family patterns. Each group that is unnatural typically carries the pattern from one times the next generation making the social status elusive to change (Macionis, 2006). Although penury can affect many different types of people those most affected by impoverishment be the children and women which make up 55 percent of the deplorable population. There continues to be blame on why people atomic number 18 poor and why they cannot change their lives to do transgress. Some people believe that it is an endless battle and once poor always poor and it is too difficult to change financial support situations. Poverty affects childre n in many ways health, aliment, shelter, education and exposure to delirium. The cause of beggary to children is direct related to poverty in women. The beliefs of the causes of poverty according to the Encyclopedia of Women and Gender (2001), Individualistic beliefs focus on personality belongingss.These beliefs include irresponsibility, lack of discipline and effort, or wretcheder ability and talent. Structuralistic beliefs incorporate the larger socioeconomic system such as low wages for some jobs, poor schools, prejudice, discrimination, and job availability. Fatalistic beliefs as to the reasons for a persons poverty status focus on such things as bad luck, chance, and fate. Most poverty that affects women argon those that are single mothers although these women worked they made too much for semipublicassistance but not enough to be able to take care of themselves and their children with proper housing, food, clothing and health care. The lack of health care directly rel ates to the health of children. When a mother cannot afford health care for herself during pregnancy, health issues are passed to the child. The child is then born with health issues that get out continue to go untreated due to lack of health care. The single mother that makes too much to qualify for public assistance, does not make enough to purchase health check coverage for herself and her family (Encyclopedia of Women and Gender (2001). In 1996, policies to the welfare system were changed greatly. Agencies could cut assistance to families without notice. Only women with a child under that age of one were able to contain assistance without much red tape. Most states allowed people to be on assistance for a maximum of two years.There were programs designed to economic aid women baffle jobs and off welfare but federal minimum wage is not enough to support a family. Without welfare assistance women and their children fall back into poverty (Encyclopedia of Women and Gender (200 1). According to Duncan, G., Yeung, W., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Smith, J. (1998), on that point are many factors the most significant is the relation to the paternal social economic status and how it effects to the childs and adults achievements. Most that is in a poor social status tend to be poorly educated and confuse children out of marriage which add an redundant strain to the families which can result in physical harm to the child. Adults with children that struggle to feed, clothe and house their children are easily stressed and at times fight down in extreme punishment to the children blaming the child for the situation that the family is currently in. Once children are exposed to house servant violence and violence upon themselves then the steering wheel commonly continues from generation to generation. Not being able to break the cycle can be a factor of poor education. Poor education is part of living in poor cities urban and rural. Families that are poor are only acce pted by those that are like them, poor.So families that are in these communities look to be stuck in the social status and cycle. Not knowing how to puzzle out or afraid to get out of that status. If that status is something a person has always known some will not think anything different than that status being a normal way of life. According to Fantuzzo, J., Fusco, R., Mohr, W., & Perry, M. (2007), during violence witnessed by children the perpetrators were more likely to bearrested then times when children were not present. The police officers were concern that it was of great importance to send a message the violence is wrong. When it comes to domestic violence children are likely to have serious issue with development.These children tend to be more withdrawn from others and have poor social skills. There are many agencies that help assist the children in cases where the children are in danger from others. Such agencies are child protected services (CPS). Services such as CPS a ssist in placing child in home that will help to protect them from violence and neglect. With all of the research that has been done on how violence affects children in poverty there is no accuracy to the full impact of violence and children. According to Koch (2000), The child poverty rate has declined slowly since 1993, and the rate of swart child poverty is the lowest in history. But 13.5 million American children still live in poverty the highest rate of any industrialized country.Conservatives attribute the decline to welfare reform, which forced millions of single welfare mothers to go to work. But child advocates like the Childrens Defense Fund say that progress in reducing child poverty has slowed markedly and that cuts in social service programs made the poorest families poorer. Today the rich still get richer and it seems that the poor continue to get poorer and the children of these poor families are the ones that are suffering the most. Most of the child poverty is in inner cities (urban areas). Families move to urban areas for better opportunities for themselves and their families but it has not alter these families quality of life. These families want to give their children a better chance to succeed by moving to these urban areas but that idea seems to be failing. Some will say that these families suffer from being dependent on welfare dependency but in truth these child suffer because wages are to low and housing is too high for their parents to be able to make ends meet and try to get ahead of the system. With welfare assistance these children would not have food to eat and aesculapian care. Welfare assistance assists the parents to help provide for the child when their financial income does not adequately provide for the child (Koch, 2000).The United States is supposed to have the most wealth but with that wealth the United States also has the highest child poverty as illustrated in the above chart (Koch, 2000). Most families that fall in to the poverty level make minimum wage jobs and will never be ableto get out of the poverty level. With these families they are usually poor educated which greatly impacts their earnings. Since some families work more than one job to try to make ends meet there is not time to try to better educate them. The children of these families learn from example and will continue to develop the habits of their parents. Working low paying jobs to provide food, clothing and shelter from their children will continue to be the pattern and education will be far down on the list (Koch, 2000).There has been some change to welfare reform law called benignant Choice, this changes has made it easier for the government to be able to contract religious groups to provide social services to the poor. Many programs have come from this reform like spectacular Brothers/Big Sisters which is a mentoring program that helps children see a different way of life and have a positive role model to help countenanc e these poor children to stay in school, go to college and understand that though they may come from poor families does not mean that they have to continue in the data track of their parents.These programs help children to gain confidence in the child. These programs also cut first time drug use by half and violent acts by a third. Although faith based organizations cannot replace the government programs faith based organization over lap government programs by 75 percent which include medical aid, housing, help pay bills for heating and water and educational programs to help those get back on their feet to help better provide for their families (Koch, 2000). Poverty affects everyone not safe the people living in poverty. The group that is most affected by poverty is the child. Without proper care and basic unavoidably taken care of these children of poverty will become ill and some of these children die. These children have poor education and many do not stay in school to get the re high school diploma.The children of poverty usually drop out of school to help provide for those that are in the home assisting their parents in paying the bills and providing food. These jobs are once again low paying jobs and the cycle continues. Without proper education the pattern will never end, with government assistance and faith based organizations to help these families and mentor their children will help for these children to get out of the poor status and has a chance to get off government assistance in the future. Everyone needs to be aware that although the United States is considered a wealthy country, there is poverty in the United States and the people needto work together to break the cycle and make sure that the child are taken care of, so they can live a productive, healthy and happy life.ReferencesDuncan, G., Yeung, W., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Smith, J. (1998). How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children? American Sociological Review, 63(3), 406-423. Retrieved April 4, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Complete. (Document ID 30936057). Fantuzzo, J., Fusco, R., Mohr, W., & Perry, M. (2007). Domestic Violence and ChildrensPresence A Population-based Study of Law Enforcement Surveillance of DomesticViolence. journal of Family Violence, 22(6), 331-340. doi10.1007/s10896-007-9080-4. Koch, K. (2000, April 7). Child poverty. CQ Researcher, 10, 281-304. Retrieved April 4, 2010, from CQ Researcher Online, http//library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2000040700. Macionis, J.J. (2006) Society The Basics Eighth Edition, Published by Prentice-Hall Poverty and Women in the United States. (2001). In Encyclopedia of Women and Gender put forwardSimilarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender. Retrieved fromhttp//www.credoreference.com/entry/estwomen/poverty_and_women_in_the_united_states

2012 Olympic Games

Recommendation It will explore whether the exceptionals is still athlete focused or more of a profit maker for the multitude. If these games be to prevail careful observation of previous games must be do to ensure that similar pitfalls are not stumbled upon and past methods evict be improved. A more recent turn in economics may prove a large occupation for the conceptualisation of the games and the government must be careful as not to under estimate the bud get under ones skin, especially considering the varying views societies take on the use of globe consumption for all this to happen.Terms of quotation Report specifications Purpose This report is for the assessment of my tutor, Alex Watts. It will asses my understanding and development of report writing and the module so far. desktop I may use any veridical I can find in this report and have no limit to the references I can use, so commodious as I do not exceed the word limit set and I reference them on the reference p age. I may use a limit less amount of material for background reading and study in relation to this report as hanker as they are state in the bibliography or reference page. AimMy aim is to research London 2012 and demonstrate the skills I have eatagerned. Taking reference from material including newspapers, academic journals and books. I will use a broad scope of materials to present a very balanced and clear report of the games. Limitations and constraints I am limited on the length of the report and the due date. The maximum length of the report is 2500 words not including the reference list and bibliography and the due date is the twentieth of November. I must ensure my work is of a certain lay kayoed and style with a contents table.I may use a maximum of two references from network sites and any other information obtained from mesh sites with have to be recorded in the bibliography and will not count to one of my fifteen minimum references. overly when making reference an d listing reading materials I must keep them in accordance with the Harvard referencing system. Objectives This report is due in on the 21st of November and has a word limit of 2500. The key objective in this report is to analyse whether the games will bring all the benefits the government is suggesting.This report will explore the claims made by the government and Londons whitethornor Boris Johnson and weigh up whether they are too cracking a assign for them to realise in the long run. I will base a conclusion on all the references and information I have put together throughout the report. Methodology and Procedures Materials I had very little knowledge of the prodigiouss previously and started by looking at past games on various web pages and began relating them to 2012. I paid embark onicular assist to the economic side of the Olympics and what it means on a global scale to the country considering the new economic threat in full force.How I sourced materials I firstly went t o the LJMU library (Aldham Robarts) to source information, I couldnt find many books on the subject and proving far more useful was the LJMU electronic library presenting me with very much more information in the form of e-books and academic journals. Many of my searches turned up very specific material from e-books. I then turned to the internet using online newspapers and specific websites on the Olympics. Materials used All materials I have included in my report can be rear in my reference list.Any other information that I have sourced that exceeded my reference limit or having be directly used in the report can be found in my bibliography. Findings/Analysis The call Once the decision was taken in May 2003 to compete for the 2012 Summer Games the slogan Back the Bid filled billboards and posters on the sides of buses and was woven into the fabric of seats on the tube. Opinion polls suggested consistent support for the campaign track at about 70%, and by May 2005 1. 2 million Londoners had signed up online to Back the Bid and 10,000 had already volunteered to be helpers at the Games (The Londoner, 2005 cited by Newman 2007).There was an instant surge of support for the Olympics from the word go, an arouse number of Londoners supported the ships boat. Following success in the Olympic competition on July 6, 2005 and the London bombings on July 7, 2005, the dominant image of London as host for the 2012 Games is as a city diverse and unafraid. (Government office for london, 2006 cited in Newman, 2007) London presented itself as this strong figure in the global portrait and group forward with this image to try to secure 2012. The city of London will host the Games of the XXX Olympiad.Following four rounds of voting by members of the International Olympic military commission (IOC) on 6 July 2005 at the 117th IOC Session, in Singapore, London eventually triumphed by taking 54 votes from a possible 104. This gave London the majority that it needed to be elec ted as the host city for the 2012 Games. London had to over puzzle stiff competition, however, in the form of Paris, New York, Moscow and Madrid in its bid to get the Games. (British Olympic Association, 2008 online) London landed a very substantial number of votes in the election and proved to be strong candidate in the runnings all the way though to the final election.Rejuvenation New image Boris Johnson utter today that the 2012 Olympics would be much, much more fun than the Beijing Games as he unveiled a vision of the party atmosphere they could bring to London. (Sparrow, 2008) A b right-hand(a)er and better future is seen to be forged for London out of the games The Olympic Development say-so is keen to transform the location site in Stratford, eastern United States London, into a flourishing residential are once the athletes have left. This is great news for Stratford and east London which could really benefit from the rejuvenation.Also the lea valley is set to transform in to one of the citys most treasured parks. Britains bid for the 2012 Olympic Games would transform 1,500 acres of east Londons Lower Lea Valley, one of the UKs poorest areas, into the main Olympic site. (Allen, 2004) Location The main Olympic venues are to be primed(p) in an Olympic Park and neighbouring areas largely in the borough of Newham in east London. These parts of the city were identified as prospective Olympic sites in the late 1970s when a bid for the 1988 Games was be considered.The mayors London Plan favours the east of the city over the west, encouraging new development to find out new public transport investment (Greater London Authority, 2004) It was obvious that the east end would benifit from the developement, the games will help rejevenate london in favour of everyone life history there. Athletes competing in the 2012 London Olympics will be housed in a colonization where apartments will be sold for up to ? 1m after the Games are over. (Pocock, 2006) The Olym pic Development Authority is keen to transform the location site in Stratford, east London, into a flourishing residential are once the athletes have left.This is great news for Stratford and east London which could really benefit from the rejuvenation. Also the lea valley is set to transform into one of the citys most treasured parks. The Olympic village will be designed as part of a new water city which is said to incorporate the green spaces, water ways and canals of lea valley park. When all told is finished they will leave behind 5000 apartments. Economic impacts With The Olympics attracting thousands of spectators a year globally, through radio, television and the thrill of being there, it doesnt come as a surprise that there is money to be had for plenty willing to get involved.Growth More than 800 companies have won ? 3. 5bn of work in preparation for the London 2012 Olympics, new figures reveal today. (William, 2008) In the face of an economic recession people may argue th at the Olympics Is too much of a mammoth task for the UK to achieve and doing so will put even more strain on the economy with the large budget of tax payers money needed. But in wake of this crisis it could prove to be a saviour in the field it was thought to fall, over 68 percent of the work awarded to 801 so far has been disposed to small-medium sized businesses and 98 percent of the companies are UK based.On top of that not only will London benefit but 46 percent of the work is termination to firms outside of London. It will offer new work to many businesses in a time forecast to bring hardship. London 2012 is an unmissable opportunity in such(prenominal) a time of economic need. An estimated ? 4 billion contributor to the London economy is forecast for the capital prior to and during the London 2012 Games. Combine this with the projected ? 40 billion growth in the London economy over the next four years and it becomes clear that 2012 is honest the start of Londons growth. Lo ndon Developement Agency, 2008) Over spending? Senior figures in the Department of Culture Media and Sport (DCMS) believe the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA), the body responsible for building the infrastructure of the Olympic project, is out of control.They accuse the ODA of failing to adapt to the realities of the credit crunch and a likely future recession and fear that the promised Olympic legacy is now at risk. (Howker, 2008) Athletes competing in London 2012 face a squeeze on living space in the Olympic Village as the deepening credit crisis threatens resources. OConnor, 2008) coarse budgets have been set and they continue to rise, surely prompting a revamp of the infrastructure of the London Olympics? More and more money keeps getting pumped into the Olympics, sports stadium costs have risen ? 16m and the aquatics centre has to the highest degree tripled to ? 303m. Not to mention an estimated injection of ? 250m for the building of the Olympic village. the Treasury agreed to give the ODA an impermanent payment of ? 93m to cover ongoing costs in the construction of the Olympic Village. The money was necessary because organisers cannot find sufficient private investment. Howker, 2008)In the past year, board members of the Olympic Organising Committee received ? 1,000 per two-hour meeting and the chief executive, Paul Deighton, a former Goldman Sachs banker with a personal fortune of more than ? 100m, was paid a salary of ? 557,440. The commissioning chair Lord Coe splits his time between his Olympic work, for which he receives more than ? 250,000 a year, and managing the Complete Leisure Group. (Howker, 2008) Borris Johnson has been told by his 2012 advisor, David Ross, that the ? 9. 3b budget may simply not be enough. Overspending, deadlines eading further out reach and mounting pressure from a forecast recession in the economy dont fair to tumefy for the foreseeable future of 2012.The Olympics minister Tessa Jowell has been scurrying to explain h er remark that had we known what we know now about the horrible state the economy would be in, we would almost certainly not have bid to host the games, back in 2005. (Conn, 2008) With budgets overstretched, private money not forthcoming, and ministers under pressure to find savings in a shrinking economy, Londoners might be forgiven for wishing that they were not hosting the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2012 after all. Rajan, Carbon-neutral flame for green Games, 2008) If the overspending continues to rise societies delicate views may case on the London Olympics. Everyone is feeling the strain of the economic hardship, with government spending at a high with the Olympics and with the banks in such trouble, people may esteem where there money is really going.Funding Cadburys Much funding has been sourced for the budget for the Olympic games, the budget currently sits at around ? 9. b, its much higher than first stated but private funding is expected to make up a large chunk of t his. Cadburys is set to be one of the private sponsors The organising committee for the Games (Locog) said the firm would be a Tier Two partner by adding ? 20m to the ? 410m of private money already secured to finance the event. (Rajan, Cadbury to sponsor London 2012 Olympics, 2008) The lottery angiotensin-converting enzyme large funder of the Olympics will be the national lottery and this has stirred much controversy. London will profit far more from the Olympics than any other part of Britain.For the next seven years local museums, galleries, theatres and village halls all over the country are threatened with losing the funding they have used so well. amiable the right to hold the Olympics is a triumph, but it must not be paid for at the expense of arts and sports in the rest of the country. (Renton, 2005) Lottery pursuance has fallen from its original super success new ways are always being put forward from Camelot to rejuvenate public interest in the scheme. At its heart the lottery donates and awards large sums of money to charities and clubs.Arts, sports and good causes are a few of many. This lately has seen to be neglected in light of the Olympics and people fear that the allocation of resources to the Olympics through the lottery is too much of an opportunity cost in light of the causes that should arguably be benefiting from it instead. Conclusions London 2012 The Olympic Games being help in London is a great chance for the UK to shine, not only London but the in all country is on show to the instauration with thousands of tourists, athletes and officials visiting and millions watching on television.This is one way to tackle the economic crisis at hand, publicity and profit can be gained from this event if handled in the right way. Thousands of jobs will be realized with the huge sum of money and contracts offered to businesses, specifically small businesses within the UK with 98 percent of the work going to UK based businesses. This could be ex actly what the economy needs right now. East London will undergo a massive revamp and thousands of new accommodation and prestigious living are will be available all sure to boost spirit and prove a success. However the mounting obstacles may prove just too much for the project to overcome.The economic crisis brings with it increasing skepticism from the public and many officials. Budget targets are being exceeded and many are regretting the original bid in light of this new hardship. With the masses on hand watching it seems like London is setting itself up for a bigger fall with the whole world ready to watch, costs may end up having to be cut and the games may not live up to the originally touted legacy departer as once believed.

Institutional Discrimination

In the United States, cornerstonealized contrariety occurs everyday. According to Aguirre and Turner (2010) it is both crafty and complex. Beca riding habit discrimination base on head for the hills is illegal, many acts of institutionalized discrimination atomic number 18 informal a company, school, governance, or other populace institution does not formally write them in a policy. Yet individual acts of informal discrimination are so widespread in many communities that discrimination is conversationally institutionalized even in the face of formal prohibitions (Aguirre and Turner, 2010).Despite, being come to the forelawed nationally, discrimination still exists. My first example of institutionalized discrimination exists in the public school system. There is a huge educational gap among urban public schools and suburban public schools, essentially, among white and minority students. In many states, educational systems fuddle imposed standardized experimenting as a requ irement for graduation from high school. I believe that these implementations are a strategic political campaign to weed out minorities from achieving higher education and decrease the opportunity to move up in social class.Though state educational systems cannot formally institute discriminatory practices, they can subtly implement requirements such as these testing procedures. As a product of an inner city urban public school, I have experienced this first hand. Guiner and Torres (2009) discussed that a lack of education hinders social mobility, which essentially reinforces racial inequality. From third grade until passing the eleventh grade EXIT level Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills exam, also known as the TAKS test, I was taught how to pass the TAKS test. I wasnt taught the necessary skills needed to be successful in college.As a student who took all of the AP classes offered at my school, I was not taught to the level to pass these AP test to test out of college gene ral education classes and I wasnt taught on the college level, as the courses are designed for. As a result, upon entering college, although I had taken several AP courses during high school I had earned zero college opinion hours. I was also not prepared for college level courses, I was not used to having homework, or test taking outside of the TAKS test, and didnt feel that I possessed the skills necessary to be successful in college.This was true among many of my high school peers many werent able to survive in college and dropped out after a year, some after a semester. As Aguirre and Turner (2010) upchuck it The school may not have intended his to occurindeed, fair the opposite hardly the very nature of its structure and operation has worked to discourage students and, in so doing, has subtly and inadvertently discriminated against students (pg. 13) This contributes to racial inequality because statistically blacks are less prepared, and subsequently less successful in colleg e than whites.A solution to this form of institutionalized discrimination in schools would be to eliminate standardized testing. Too practically time is put into passing a test so that the school can have high numbers and not enough time is put into teaching students skills needed for achieving higher education. After talking to many of my white counterparts, I learned that their high schools spent little, if any time, teaching its students how to pass the TAKS test they focused on college preparation.Standardized tests are not an accurate depiction of a schools success they unfairly hinder graduation rates and are sending young adults into society unprepared. In addition to eliminating standardized testing, schools should focus more on rigorous college level work and teaching time commission skills. Because the differences in higher education preparedness is usually among Whites from suburban areas vs. smuttys and Hispanics from poor urban areas, these solutions would help close the gap. My second example of institutional discrimination is steering. manoeuver occurs when accreditedtors steer minorities to neighborhoods where the majority of residents are also minorities. Steering also occurs when realtors fail to inform customers of properties that meet the customers preferences or specifications. The purpose of this is to subtly segregate those of the same race in the same neighborhood. The combination of growing urban Black populations and higher levels of segregation could only produce one possible outcomehigher levels of Black isolation (Gallagher, 2009).As a result, racially segregated neighborhoods are either really nice, clean, suburban neighborhoods with low crime rates, good schools, grocery stores with healthy eating options, and shop centers or dirty urban neighborhoods with high crime rates, low performing schools, grocery stores with bad produce and fast food restaurants with unhealthy eating options, and citizenry having to go across town to go shopping for essentials. Racial steering not only reinforces racial inequality, it also hinders diversity.Racial steering must be halt It would be very difficult to find a solution to eliminate racial steering. Housing acts already exist to eliminate housing discrimination but these laws may need to be expanded. The Fair Housing Act, a subsection of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibits discrimination dealing with the sale, rental, or financing of housing based on race, sex, religion, or national origin. (Employment-discrimination. org) Real estate agencies should be required to show customers all housing options that meet their preferences.There should be a national database that provides realtors and real estate clients with all of the properties that meet preferences so that no available property is left out because the person is of a certain(prenominal) race. My third example of institutional discrimination is redlining. This is when banks deny or make it more difficul t for people to get loans, health care, or insurance because they live in a certain area. The particular area is usually characterized by a specific race. Those who exercise red lining use blacklists to keep track of groups or certain areas to use for discriminatory practices.One of the most important solutions to redlining was the Fair Housing Act of 1968 which prohibited redlining that was based on race, sex, religion, gamily status, disability or ethnic origin (Wikipedia). To further the match of this act, I think it would be important to require banks, insurance companies, and other institutions to keep information regarding their targeting of certain poverty stricken areas or racially predominate areas. This would be something similar to the guidelines of affirmative action, requiring firms to specifically target those of minority groups who are qualified.The qualifications would be based off of past financial credibility or government programs that assist those who cant affo rd to pay on their own. All groups of people should have equal access to resources. Minorities shouldnt have to worry slightly getting denied or have less access because of the color of their skin. In the United States, civil rights laws and cultural beliefs do not condone discrimination as they once did indeed they demand that all individuals be given equal access to schools, jobs, housing, and other important resources. The United States has been trying to eliminate discrimination for hundreds of years. However, because institutional discrimination is so subtle is difficult to do so completely. Many times institutional discrimination is exercised unconsciously due to the nature in which an institution is set up. Other times, institutional discrimination is very consciously practiced informally. Because of laws that explicitly prohibit discrimination, institutions strategically discriminate against individuals and racial groups by not braggy them equal access to resources.This di scrimination continues to contribute to racial inequality in education, housing, health care, employment, and other aspects of human life. Not only do basic discrimination laws need to be expanded, but affirmative actions laws need to be expanded as well. A major solution to discrimination is education. Minorities need to be amend themselves about the ways in which they are being denied to access to resources. The fight for equality is not over.

Economic integration in North America †NAFTA Essay

States down the stairsgo a lot of ch tout ensembleenges and face dilemma in the current globalization era. Globalization has led to the integrating of non-homogeneous world economies and this requires unfoldness to the thriftiness of the world, serving the interests of the nations, and disputation for sexual congress advantages at national level as international capitalism demands.The evolution of the global economy in the west in the late 1980s and 1990 aroused the desire for competitive advantage among regional trading blocs in the argona of trade, finance, manufacturing and technology and this too led to the birth of the northerly the States Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (Cic tailtell, 2001). NAFTA was formed in 1994 as part of the scotch integrationist revival of the completion and it label a significant shift of the U. S. trade policy (Pastor, 2004). NAFTA incorporates the economies of ternary countries-the U.S. , and Canada in the north and Mexico in the south. Acco rding to Cavanagh and Anderson (2002) NAFTA is a complex set made up of trade and non-trade bargain issues which advance northwest the States towards closer ties of economy. This essay gathers information from various economic literatures that discuss the NAFTA formation and implementation process. The central estimation is the paradox in which a to the lowest degree essential body politic, Mexico forms a treaty with the worlds or so advanced economies in unification America.This relationship is of terrible interest to economic scholars and observers. Circumstances that led to the formation of NAFTA in the 1994 are evaluated in this essay as headspring as factors that al most(prenominal) hindered the implementation of the treaty. The essay further evaluates the benefits that NAFTA has on the participating economies. This will be followed by a discussion of the challenges that the implementation of the treaty faces. Possible solutions to overcome the challenges are recommen ded. An Economic desegregation Perspective supranational economics involves the integration of the economic practices of various countries deep down a global scale. Economists have described various dimensions of international economic integration and these include trade easiness in goods, direct foreign investiture, trade in services, liberalization of capital flows, unornamented excavate movement, environmental protection rules, a World Trade Organizations (WTO) -managed rule-based system for trade in goods and services, and put uped intellectual property and patent rules (Ciccantell, 2001).Theoretically, countries can meet these dimensions without resorting to a regionalism model. However, in practical sense, countries meet to regionalize more for political than economic reasons as a way of dealing with the globalization challenge (Fox, 2004). Contrary to this, some scholars recommend that market-orientation factors should be the main drivers of economic integration in th e current globalization era (Funk, Elder, Yao & Vibhakar, 2006). Although already established, some economists view NAFTA as an on-going process in which the end carrefour is non yet confirmed.The future of regionalization is mostly determined by domestic and regional factors as argue to globalization although regional and global forces are trusty for driving North America into closer economic ties. Carranza (2002) asserts that the future of NAFTA depends on the policy makers deliberate act as this will determine whether NAFTA will fragment into an institutional deficit or develop into a deeper integration. Circumstances that could have hindered the formation of NAFTAMexico, which was to be part of the North American economic integration, had first opposed an allied relationship with the northern colossus because of a negative historical experience (Skonieczny, 2006). Mexico had lost almost half of its territory in the 1846 to 1848 Mexican-American war (De la Balze, 2001 Skonie czny, 2006). Secondly, Mexico strived to maintain an independent foreign policy, which sought closer alliances with the South and Central America and the Caribbean (Skonieczny, 2006).According to Carranza (2002), it is still a puzzle as to why Mexico later on decided to form an economic partnership with the North America countries from a very weak position. The pastoral also paid a very racy domestic political price by agreeing to join the NAFTA. However, the economic situation in Mexico and the labor market was deteriorating, and the political situation was un still after a negative eventful election in the 1988 (Philip, 2008). The government also featured corrupt and authoritarian episodes. Inflation was hitting the coun fork up at a eminent rate, economic growth was stagnant and living standards were lamentable.Additionally, Mexico had a significant amount of national debt that was un-payable. Trade liberalization seemed the most political consequential (Faber, 2007). On th e impertinently(prenominal) and, at that puzzle was a looming fear in the US that the economic integration would lead to loss of jobs in the US while in the South there were cries for revolution (Pastor, 2004). Nevertheless, Mexico was eager to access the larger U. S. market despite the observers opinion that the U. S. is unlikely to abide by the trade accord (Castaneda, 2008). U. S.had been known of having a poor record in international treaties implementation and its previous treatment towards Mexico in issues like immigration policies left a doubt on Mexico as to whether the country would be left out of the stipulation implementation despite their being one (King, 2005). The Central America and Caribbean countries that were allied to Mexico feared that there could be an erosion of the already existing trade preferences if the NAFTA was formed (Baker, 2008). The countries faced the dilemma between free trade in the open regionalism and protectionism.Furthermore critics viewed the formation of NAFTA as a state-led object although the members denounced the classical state intervention mechanisms in bid to soften the globalization effect. The Founding of NAFTA The formation of NAFTA was considered inevitable because of the market and trade conditions in the globalization period that necessitated an economic integration (Baker, 2008). However, the formation process was non smooth-sailing because of the various uncertainties that occurred in the wake of well authentic countries wanting to merge their economies with the less developed ones.This was limpid in the negotiation process in which there was asymmetry of both political and economic powers and Mexico lacked a non- accordance alternative. The formation of NAFTA also lacked the accompaniment of institutionalization and there lacks a joint organization unto which NAFTA can be identified. In Northern America, the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations in the 1990s was progressing slowly an d thus this made the regional integration an attractive option (Carranza, 2002).The formation of NAFTA started as a unique regional economic integration process between a less developed country, Mexico in this case and two industrial powers- the U. S. and Canada (Davidson, 2008). This was the first economic agreement on a regional basis to include various forms of integration. Some of the integrate economic activities cited in most literatures include foreign investments, financial services, government procurement and intellectual property rights. On the contrary, the Uruguay Round global trade negotiations did non feature all of these revival strategies. The U.S. presented NAFTA as a trade liberalization model in the western hemisphere in the early 1990s as a way of continental regionalism. On the other hand, the Latin American countries were not ready to embrace this model because of the doubt they had on the U. S. intention of sightedness the agreement through the future. It w as easier for the U. S. to control the agenda if the negotiation was on a regional rather than a multilateral level (Hufbauer& Yee, 2003). This would enhance more of the countrys economic, political and institutional perspectives in comparison to the rest of the world.It was paradoxical that the economically successful U. S wanted a free trade agreement with the less developed Mexico. Carranza (2002) asserts that the U. S agreed to negotiate with Mexico about the free trade on condition that Mexico did not invoke any exclusion of discern areas such as the area of oil that is sovereign sensitive. On the other hand, Mexico did not have any vital concession to base its negotiations in the status of a developing country. Nevertheless, despite this un check negotiation ability, Philip (2008) highlights the irony by screening that the process was presented as a negotiation of the equals.NAFTAs goals, objectives and economic models NAFTA is a trade treaty which aims to eliminate custom duties on transaction between the U. S, Canada and Mexico. NAFTA has formed the worlds largest free trade zone whereby around 406 gazillion people produce more than 11 billion U. S dollars worth of products (Page, 2002). The agreement which establishes NAFTA entails that the U. S, Canada, and Mexico pursue certain common objectives. Trade in services has been liberalized and government procurement markets including construction and services procurement markets have been opened through the NAFTA.Therefore, through the agreement it is illegal for the parties to discriminate between the domestic and foreign producers in the government markets, investments and trading of services (Adikson, Zimmerman, 2004 Diep, 2008). NAFTAs objectives therefore include eliminating custom barriers and enhancing cross-border trade in products and services (Vaughan, 2004). The treaty is also to guarantee conditions of equitable competition in the free trade area. The treaty strives to improve trilateral cooperation so as to extend the benefits of the agreement.One of the main goals of NAFTA was the need to increase the flows of trade and investment in North America. Consequently, the agreement has succeeded in increasing Mexicos and Canadas trade dependence on the U. S. NAFTA also incorporated the less developed Mexico, in order to give the country a chance to prosper by joining the North America economies (Flores & Lankshear, 2000). NAFTA is a widely researched economic phenomenon that occurs as economists try to understand the three NAFTAs economies models.The gravity model has been used to explain the trade flows as the function of the importer and exportationer market size a well as the distance between the two. Funk, et al. (2006) asserts that any extraordinary flows can be accredited to free trade agreements only after the market size and importer-exporter distances have been accounted for in the trade flow process. This has led to some economists showing that NAFTA generally does not have a significant effect on bilateral trade flows although it has the involve on the net trade creating.Benefits of NAFTA to the US, Mexico and Canada The implementation of NAFTA inspired the economists to measure the treatys effect on the three NAFTA economies-U. S, Mexico and Canada (Funk et al. , 2006). The North America economic integration was seen as one that would be of benefit to the participating countries. Mexico would have a chance to gain access to the larger U. S. market while the U. S. also searched for new foreign investment opportunities in the country (Carranza, 2002).Proponents of NAFTA view the agreement as detailed and comprehensive and have constantly disposed(p) the accord praise for showing that less developed countries like Mexico can accept new rules in international politics in this globalization era and thus improve their situation. On the other hand, critics assert that NAFTA lacks basic safeguards to protect the people who are excluded from liberalized trade and investment benefits considering that almost over half of the Mexican universe of discourse lives below the distress line (Baker, 2008 Serra, & Espinosa, 2002).The critics further argue that NAFTA is just a mere element of a larger problem that is, globalization has a disintegrating effect on a mixed economy and the peoples social contract. On a moderate view, critics agree that formation of NAFTA was not a bad idea at all but without regional governance and regional institutions, the agreement remains unfulfilled (Pastor, 2004). Hufbauer and Yee (2003) cites NAFTA as an exemplary agreement for a new or an open regionalism that opens a whole range of novel issues which are designed to prepare the less developed countries of Latin America and Caribbean for the globalization challenge.The issue of why the U. S pulled Mexico into the North integration is very controversial although the positivists assert that the U. S government has a very strong interest in the political and economic perceptual constancy of Mexico (Skonieczny, 2001). Mexico was able to attract a considerable ratio of foreign direct investment in the 1990s as a result of NAFTAs negotiations. The predicted economic breakdown of Mexico in the early 1990s never lived to happen as the country underwent economic rendering. Philip (2008) asserts that NAFTA is responsible for the economic and political stability in Mexico.NAFTA has given this chance to Mexico through encouraging trade and investment opportunities. The social progress of the country is also underway and NAFTA aims to eradicate the high poverty levels in most of Mexicos dwellings. NAFTA also provided the hope for Mexico to transform its worsening economic condition and urban challenges in the City of Mexico (Stracke, 2003). The Mexican government adopted the policies of democratization and free trade policies amidst controversies with the aim of preventing the country from an economic breakdown. Currently, Mexico could not be as developed as the U.S. and Canada for that matter but looking way back in the 1990s to early 200s, it can be said that the country has become macro-economically inactive (Philips, 2008). Mexico is among the richest Latin America countries in terms of per capita and has more than twice export per head as compared to Brazil. Exports of manufactured goods from Mexico to the U. S contribute to around 25 percent of Mexicos gross domestic product and the market is even more liberalized than it was in the years ago. Another benefit of NAFTA to the Mexican economy includes the checking of inflation (Stern, 2007).Although inflation occurs at some instances it does not reach three digits as in the 1990s but securely maintained at single digits. Other areas of the economy that have improved with the economic integration include the education system. The image of Mexicans with degrees from influential world universities has increased and expected to rise. The condition in the M exican universities has also improved as better preparation of lectures takes place and a fairer classless environment ensures that there is a stable learning environment.Mexicos rapturous population growth also slowed down with the implementation of NAFTA as most of the population started migrating North in search for better living conditions. A slower population growth enhances strategic planning and development of the country. However, as much as the evidence of economic transformation is noticeable in Mexico, the economic growth rate is disappointingly low. Philip (2008) and Stern (2007) states that the measurement of economy is determined by oligopolies and specifically Pemex, the state-owned petroleum company in Mexicos case.Mexico continues to suffer from severe social and urban problems such as high poverty rates, organized crime, drug trafficking, and subversion among others (Stern, 2007). As much as these are domestic problems, it is impossible to separate them from Mexi cos membership to NAFTA because domestic institutions also influence the direction of negotiations in the intimacy (Carranza, 2002). Philip (2008) argues that the U. S is also benefiting from NAFTA because the treaty has enabled the existence of a politically and economically conducive environment that Mexico now offers as compared to the times before the treaty.Flores and Lankshear (2000) assert that the developed North America countries in the treaty could benefit from Mexicos low wage cuts in the labor force. Mexico large population of semi-skilled workers would provide cheaper and abundant labor for the national and transnational companies that seek low wage work. However, Flores & Lankshear (2000) argue that this dependence on a low wage economy undermines the development of a well educated, Challenges in NAFTAThe major challenges facing the NAFTA involve the lack of regional governance, asymmetry negotiations, lack of a stabilized relationship between the North and South Amer ican countries and lack of common market policies and common money. Forces of market and trade integration pushed the economies of the U. S and Mexico together but there was little institutional spay that took place to reflect the real degree of economic integration among the countries (Adikson, & Zimmerman, 2004). Economic integration in the north occurred without an established regional institution or governance.It is believed that it will be difficult for the North America decision makers to effectively respond to fluidity, competitiveness, and complexity of the world economy without a form of regional convergence. Lack of regional governance also indicates a lack of a permanent mechanism for consultation among the three governments (Heron, 2002). This proves difficult especially in cases which the countries have to deal with other common challenges like drug peddling and immigration and this sometimes push for a bilateral involvement, for instance between the U. S and Mexico.T he lack of common or institutionalise NAFTA governance has led to the in dependent pursuance of other third party treaties by Mexico and Canada (Heron, 2002). NAFTA also promised to create regional barriers to the outsiders so that the insiders would receive relative gains as far as trade and other economic gains are concerned (Flores & Lankshear, 2000). However, Cavanagh and Anderson (2002) argue that NAFTA simply assumed that this would take place magically modify the people to benefit from the free market policies, and that the three governments-U. S., Canada, and Mexico-would resolve older and newer problems naturally. However, through the condition in Mexico, it is certain that the agreement has not brought much change to the living standards of the individuals. The countrys record is extremely mixed concerning the free trade policy and the country is yet to unanimously agree on the agreement (Carlsen, 2006). Mexico has not gained the privileges that were promised if the coun try joined the North America relationship. Mexico did not gain a greater place in the Northern-dominated international institutions such as the International Monetary fund (IMF) or the World Bank.Mexico remains poor and less developed despite being part of the supposedly economic rejuvenator-NAFTA. NAFTAs negotiations did not consider the economic and development asymmetries between Mexico and the U. S and this also contributed to the exclusion of majority of Mexican population from the free trade benefits (Cox, 2008). NAFTA was supposed to give Mexico a chance to prosper through joining the Northern club. However, the moment Mexico decided to start negotiations with the U. S for a free trade agreement, it was found that Mexico still unavoidable to make other sweeping concessions in order to gain access to the U.S market. Mexico presented an overstaffed and underperforming institutions, an opposite of the North America countries which have the most performing institutions (Flores & Lankshear, 2000). Mexico was coerce to make the bigger compromises and adjustments because after all, it was the weaker party. This also shows that majority of the decisions were made by the tremendous powers in the agreement-the U. S, and Canada. This can be proved from an economic angle in which the GDP of the U.S alone forms 90 percent of the total North America economy (Carranza, 2004). It is unrealistic that during negotiations, Mexico would be expected to steer the decision-making process into finality. How does Mexico and Canada establish strategies on how to access the U. S over 8 trillion dollar market when all the 2 countries can offer is 250 and 500 billion dollars markets respectively? The Mexican experience has proved that the Southern countries cannot necessarily experience economic development with social justice through seeking alliances with the U.S even in this globalization era. Mexico also undergoes a painful adjustment process because being part of NAFTA it i s forced to compete openly with the far more advanced economies of the North America countries (Cavanagh & Anderson, 2002). NAFTA if implemented strategically can have a voice in the global trade talks. However, the lack of a common governing in institution hinders this representation because it would appear as though one country or the other is representing its own views rather than that of NAFTA.Cavanagh and Anderson (2002) argue that the failure of NAFTA to meet its alleged expectations can be blamed on the current economic conditions. The marketplace is globalized and thus highly mobile employers gain more power to suppress workers who mesh for a fair gain of their benefits. However, this remains unchallenged because such firms ally with governments who in turn are desperate for foreign investment. This leads to the suppression of the hoists nations labor force through low wages and poor working conditions.The unfortunate side is that the agency that is set up under the labor side agreement of NAFTA has proved incapable of holding governments and corporations accountable for violating the rights of workers (Cavanagh & Anderson, 2002). There have been alleged complaints of workers rights violations in all of the three NAFTA economies but other than a bit of public exposure, not much justice has been yielded. Lack of common governance is to blame for the loose policy of ensuring that all the parties in the agreement benefit positively.There is also a looming fear that a future Mexican leadership could decide to pull out of the NAFTAs agreement because of the countrys inconsistent views on NAFTA and the lack of institutionalized rules for the agreement. Recommendations NAFTA took place amidst controversies especially from part of Mexicos population and the South and Central America countries. Moreover, a supranational institution and an ideal NAFTA identity are lacking. This poses a danger to the stability of the economic integration of the North American c ountries.North America needs to tackle the gaps in the North-South relationships and also increase aggregate wealth. One way of doing this is through enhancing regional governance through the use of common currency for the member states. However Cavanagh and Anderson (2002) assert that the issue of establishing a common currency can lead to further controversies. First of all, the U. S. and Mexico are not in the identical currency zones as compared to the likeability of the U. S. and Canada. This will negatively alienate Mexico further. Still on the issue of a common currency, Carranza (2002) argues that it is certain that the U.S public opinion would not support a monetary union between U. S. and the two countries. The U. S needs to come to terms with having neighboring countries with difficulties in tackling money integration issues and the de facto dollarization of the economy of Mexico. This should also be accompanied with the building of appropriate institutions that would rea listically introduce North America as a community of nations. The NAFTA countries need to establish a regional governance system that would ensure that all the member population is fairly treated without prejudice (Carlsen, 2006).Social justice should be enhanced within the NAFTA economies and the established policies should fairly uplift the standards of all the countries (Anderson, 2003). Rather than using the large semi-skilled Mexicos labor force for cheap, low-wage labor, there should be policies or strategies in which NAFTA can contribute to the establishment of better education and vocational training systems (Ma del Rosio, Camen, & Humberto, 2007). The criticism directed at the treaty will subside if it is observed that the member states are striving to raise the standards and conditions of one another rather than using each other for selfish gains.Conclusion This essay has comprehensively discussed the factors pertaining to the formation and implementation of NAFTA. The Nor th America economic integration awakened the interest of many economic researchers and observers because of the coming together of powerful North America economies and a southern least developed economy. Although the reason for such a relationship was met with criticism and a lot of controversies, proponents viewed it as an opportunity for Mexico to improve its political, economical and social environment. The U.S the most developed North America country viewed the relationship as an opportunity to expand its globalization boundaries as well as create a stable economic and political condition for trade in the region. However, critics believe that it is for the best interest of the U. S while Mexico risks the chance of being sidelined. Nevertheless, Mexico has recorded an economic transformation and it is believed that if policy makers implement some strategic measures in the treaty, then Mexico stands a greater chance of becoming a developed nation.This has provided the U. S with a stable political and economic environment without which the security of the U. S may have been at stake. NAFTA faces various challenges but the lack of regional governance is seen as the get-go of most of the challenges. NAFTA lacks international identity in contribution of international trade discussions. Additionally, treaty are known to be created where all the participants have an almost equal bargaining power even though they will not be dealing with exchange of similar products or services.However, in this case, the negotiations take an asymmetry arise because Mexico is in a compromised state in which its position does not allow it to challenge the decisions of the U. S. , the most developed economy. As a result, the negotiations are based, on an short level. NAFTA leaders especially from the North need to understand the gap between the north and south populations and provide democratic decisions that will be best appreciated by both sides. 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